Title page

Contents

Index to Economy Profiles 6

Foreword 7

Acknowledgments 9

Advisory Committee 12

Advisory Committee members 12

Industry Association Network 13

Academic Network 14

The GII Partners 15

Preface 15

GII 2024 at a glance 17

Global leaders in innovation, 2024 18

Global Innovation Index 2024 rankings 19

Innovation performance at different income levels, 2024 20

Key takeaways 21

Global Innovation Tracker 27

Global Innovation Tracker Dashboard 28

Science and innovation investment 29

Technological progress 40

Technology adoption 43

Socioeconomic impact 46

Conclusion 48

Data notes 49

GII 2024 results 52

Innovation leaders in 2024 53

Innovation overperformers 60

Efficiency champions: Converting innovation investment into tangible innovation output 63

Innovation across the world's regions 64

Conclusion 70

Cluster ranking 72

The GII 2024 top 100 science and technology clusters 73

Special Theme 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship 86

The state of social entrepreneurship 87

The origins of social entrepreneurship 90

Why is social entrepreneurship important now? 91

Innovation and impact in social entrepreneurship 96

Policy opportunities to unlock the promise of social entrepreneurship 105

Conclusion 112

GII 2024 Economy profiles 113

Framework of the Global Innovation Index 2024 114

How to read the Economy profiles 115

Appendix I - Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 251

Rationale and origins 251

Defining innovation in the GII 251

The GII conceptual framework 252

Adjustments to the GII model in 2024 254

Data limitations and treatment 255

Missing values 256

Treatment of series with outliers 256

Normalization 257

Weights 257

Strengths and weaknesses 257

Caveats on the year-to-year comparison of rankings 258

Appendix II - Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2024 Global Innovation Index 259

Conceptual and statistical coherence within the GII framework 260

The impact of modeling assumptions on the GII results 266

Uncertainty analysis results 268

Sensitivity analysis results 273

Best-practice frontier in the GII by data envelopment analysis 276

Conclusion 280

Appendix III - Sources and definitions 282

1. Institutions 282

2. Human capital and research 284

3. Infrastructure 287

4. Market sophistication 290

5. Business sophistication 292

6. Knowledge and technology outputs 297

7. Creative outputs 301

Appendix IV - Global Innovation Index science and technology cluster methodology 305

Bibliography 317

References 317

Table 1. R&D growth rates of top global corporate R&D spenders, 2019-2023 32

Table 2. Top 10 Economies by income group 59

Table 3. Innovation overperformers in 2024: Income group, region and years as an 61 innovation overperformer 62

Table 4. Heatmap: GII 2024 rankings overall and by innovation pillar, 2024 65

Table 5. Top S&T cluster by economy or cross-border region ranked among the top 100, 2024 75

Table 6. Economies with three or more top 100 S&T clusters, 2024 76

Table 7. Top S&T clusters in extended ranking, economies not covered by the top 100 S&T 79 clusters, 2024 80

Table 8. Top science or S&T clusters within Africa 82

Table 9. Top 25 S&T clusters by S&T intensity, 2024 83

Table 10. Top 5 issues addressed by social entrepreneurship globally 89

Table 11. Top 5 financing sources for social entrepreneurship 94

Table 12. Organizational pathways to impact in social entrepreneurship 97

Table 13. Forms of systems innovation in social entrepreneurship 105

Table 14. Barriers and opportunities in social entrepreneurship 106

Figure 1. Number of scientific publications (millions), 2013-2023 30

Figure 2. GDP growth and total and business R&D growth rates, 2007-2025 31

Figure 3a. Nominal R&D expenditure of top R&D spenders by industry and year, 2019-2023 32

Figure 3b. Intensity of top R&D spenders by industry and year, 2019-2023 33

Figure 4. Top R&D spenders by industry, growth rate 2022-2023 34

Figure 5a. Quarterly value of venture capital deals, 1997-2024, 3-point moving average 38

Figure 5b. Number of venture capital deals, 1997-2024, 3-point moving average 39

Figure 6. Regional distribution of venture capital deal value, 1997 and 2023 39

Figure 7. Patent filings growth, 2009-2023 40

Figure 8. Average speed, power and efficiency of top 50 green supercomputers, 2013-2023 41

Figure 9. Average lithium-ion battery price, 2013-2023 42

Figure 10. Number of yearly drug launches, by therapeutic area, 2013-2023 43

Figure 11. Population coverage by type of mobile network, 2015-2023 44

Figure 12. Population living in poverty, by income threshold, 1981-2022, USD PPP 2017 46

Figure 13. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at birth (years), 2000-2022 47

Figure 14. Global temperature anomaly, 1951-2023 land-ocean global mean temperature 48

Figure 15. Carbon dioxide emissions, 2007-2022 (gigatonnes of carbon) 48

Figure 16. The GII dynamo: The top 15 innovators, 2020-2024 55

Figure 17a. Breaking barriers: Economies soaring to new heights in innovation, 2024 57

Figure 17b. Economies climbing the ladder 58

Figure 18. Innovation overperformers, relative to their economic development 61

Figure 19. Innovation input to output performance, 2024 64

Figure 20. Prevalence of social entrepreneurship among early-stage entrepreneurs, 2021-2022 92

Maps

Map 1. Top 100 clusters worldwide, 2024 74

Map 2a. Top S&T clusters, East Asia, 2024 77

Map 2b. Top S&T clusters, United States, 2024 78

Map 2c. Top S&T clusters, Middle East, 2024 78

Map 2d. Top S&T clusters, Malaysia and Singapore, 2024 79

Map 3. Top science or S&T clusters within Africa 81

Map 4a. European S&T clusters by intensity, 2024 84

Map 4b. United States S&T clusters by intensity, 2024 85

Boxes

Box 1. GII innovation indicators - 2024 trailblazers 53

Box 2. How to best use the Global Innovation Index and what not to do 59

Box 3. Innovation as the driver of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 69

Box 4. The customer pathway in action 98

Box 5. The employee pathway in action 99

Box 6. The product/service pathway in action 100

Box 7. The ecosystem pathway in action 101

Box Tables

Box Table 1. Economies with the most GII indicators ranked top, 2024 54

Appendix Table 1. Changes to the GII 2024 framework 255

Appendix Table 2. Statistical coherence in the GII: correlations between sub-pillars and pillars 264

Appendix Table 3. Distribution of differences between pillar and GII rankings 265

Appendix Table 4. Uncertainty parameters: missing values, aggregation and weights 267

Appendix Table 5. GII 2024 and Input/Output Sub-Indices: rankings and 90 percent confidence intervals 270

Appendix Table 6. Sensitivity analysis: impact of modeling choices on countries with the most sensitive rankings 275

Appendix Table 7a. Pie shares (absolute terms) and efficiency scores for the top 25 GII 2024 economies - input pillars 278

Appendix Table 7b. Pie shares (absolute terms) and efficiency scores for the top 25 GII 2024 economies - output pillars 279

Appendix Table 8. Top 100 S&T clusters, 2024 307

Appendix Table 9. Ranking of S&T intensity 310

Appendix Table 10. Summary of geocoding results 313

Appendix Table 11. African S&T clusters 314

Appendix Figure 1. Robustness analysis of the GII, Input and Output Sub-Indices 268

Appendix Figure 2. GII 2024 scores and DEA "distance to the best-practice frontier" scores 280

Appendix Boxes

Appendix I - Conceptual and measurement framework of the Global Innovation Index 253

Appendix Box 1. Building a robust data infrastructure for the Global Innovation Index 253

Appendix II - Joint Research Centre (JRC) statistical audit of the 2024 Global Innovation Index 260

Box 1. Conceptual and statistical coherence in the GII 2024 framework 260