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Title page 1

Contents 5

Foreword by WIPO 6

Foreword by Partners 8

Acknowledgments 10

Acronyms 12

Executive summary 15

Key messages 19

Methodology 23

1. Introduction 26

Green energy solutions for climate change in the Asia-Pacific 27

Climate finance and corporation in the Asia-Pacific region 32

The role of innovation and intellectual property rights for clean energy technologies 37

2. Green urban energy solutions in the Asia-Pacific region 45

Low-carbon energy solutions in urban households 46

Green solutions for public spaces and transportation 66

Energy efficiency for water utilities 89

3. Green rural energy solutions in the Asia-Pacific region 110

Climate solutions for rural households and communities 111

Clean energy solutions for agriculture on-farm 132

Clean energy solutions for agriculture post-harvest 153

Energy transition in fisheries and aquaculture 172

4. Green energy solutions for key service sectors in the Asia-Pacific region 193

Low-carbon hotels 194

Energy-efficient shopping malls 215

Bibliography 235

Tables 32

Table 1.1. Flow of clean energy-related climate finance in the Asia-Pacific region, 2019 32

Table 1.2. Renewable energy investment in Asia (in billion USD), 2019 36

Table 2.1. Energy requirement of different desalination technologies 94

Table 4.1. Shares of energy consumption of appliances in hotels in hot climates 195

Figures 28

Figure 1.1. GHG emissions (World, Asia, China, India, Japan), 1850-2023 28

Figure 1.2. GHG emissions by sector, Asia 2021 29

Figure 1.3. Share of electricity from low-carbon sources, Asia-Pacific, 2022-23 29

Figure 1.4. Energy related MDB climate finance in Asia (in million USD), 2019 33

Figure 1.5. SDG-linked technologies (circle size is proportionate to number of active patent families) 38

Figure 1.6. Share of patent applications in energy-related technologies for the top origins, 2020-2022 40

Figure 1.7. Regional breakdown of patent families in different transport modalities 41

Figure 1.8. Patent family publications in solid-state batteries, 2000-2023 42

Figure 1.9. Top filing authorities in the predictive models in precision agriculture field 43

Figure 2.1. The global smart home market by region (in billion USD) 47

Figure 2.2. Share of households using air-conditioning systems in 2017 48

Figure 2.3. Heat pump sales by country or region, 2019-2023 (capacities, GW) 50

Figure 2.4a. Power generation layer of film-type perovskite solar cells 52

Figure 2.4b. Building material panel of film-type perovskite solar cells 53

Figure 2.5. Renewable % share in electricity production in selected economies in the Asia-Pacific region 67

Figure 2.6. Global passenger EV sales by market 67

Figure 2.7. The BEM® Savitré™ solar bicycle, retrofitted over a Stryder® Zeeta Plus™ 70

Figure 2.8. Electric 2W sales in India 71

Figure 2.9. Comparison of road surface temperature on summer days in Japan (°C) 74

Figure 2.10. Water withdrawal for thermal power generation in China (billion cubic meter), 2000-2014 89

Figure 2.11. Non-revenue water (%) in selected economies in Asia and the Pacific 91

Figure 3.1. Features of a third-generation mini-grid system 118

Figure 3.2. Share of GHG emissions by stage within the food production sector (%) 132

Figure 3.3. Share of total energy consumption globally and in high- and low-income countries in the agri-food chain 133

Figure 3.4. Energy consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing, by country (in terajoules) 134

Figure 3.5. Percentage of global fishing vessels with and without engine by continent, 2020 172

Figure 3.6. Aerator powered by vertical axis wind turbine 176

Figure 3.7. Recirculating aquaculture system 179

Figure 4.1. Hotel stays carbon impact in 2022 (kgCO₂e per room per night) 194

Figure 4.2. World Sentosa, Singapore 217

Figure 4.3. Solar carport 219

Boxes 34

Box 1.1. Alternative and innovative sources of financing 34

Box 1.2. Intellectual property rights 40

Box 2.1/Box 2.2. Heat pump technology 49

Box 2.2/Box 2.1. Cementitious or elastomeric binders 51

Box 2.3. Different battery technologies 68

Box 2.4. How different governance strategies can help renewable energy integration in public buildings 75

Box 2.5. Maximizing energy efficiency through advanced motor technologies 92

Box 2.6. Electro-deionization (EDI) technology for desalination 94

Box 3.1. Cross-cutting challenges and opportunities for clean cooking technologies in Asia 115

Box 3.2. Fish, farms and the future: Mekong at a crossroads 177