Preface xi Acknowledgements xiii Notes on Authors xv 1 Introduction: Regulating Space Pollution by Non-State Actors (nsa s) under International Law 1 1 Setting the Parameters for the Study of nsa Accountability 1 2 Defining the Key Terms 13 3 The Escalating Threat of nsa Space Pollution 25 4 Space Law Has Been Designed State-Centrically 37 4.1 Conventional Instruments 40 4.2 Soft Law Instruments 44 4.3 Conclusion on the State-Centric Formation of International Space Law 54 5 The Limited Scholarly Attention Given to Regulating nsa Space Pollution 56 5.1 Conceptual Underpinnings of the Increasing Recognition of nsa s as Subjects and Objects of International Law 64 5.2 The Need for Scholarly Analysis of nsa Responsibility for Space Pollution 69 2 Gateway Considerations for the Application of International Law to Space Pollution 71 1 The Quest to Discern a Prohibition of Space Pollution 71 1.1 Does International Space Law Prohibit Space Pollution? 71 1.2 Does International Environmental Law Prohibit Space Pollution? 83 1.2.1 No-Harm Principle 88 1.2.2 Precautionary Principle 91 1.2.3 Principle of Sustainable Development 94 1.2.4 Principle of Intergenerational Equity 97 1.2.5 Principle of Common-but-Differentiated Responsibilities 99 1.2.6 Polluter-Pays Principle 103 1.2.7 The Principle of Permanent Sovereignty over Natural Resources 104 1.2.8 Other Bases under International Environmental Law to Prohibit Space Pollution 105 1.2.9 Conclusion on International Environmental Law 107 1.3 The Relevance of the Human Right to a Clean, Healthy and Sustainable Environment 109 2 Conclusion regarding a Prohibition of Space Pollution 115 3 The Classical Approach: Regulating nsa Space Pollution via State Responsibility 118 1 The Outer Space Treaty and nsa s: Key Provisions 119 1.1 Article ix 119 1.2 Article vi 120 1.3 Article vii 129 1.4 Article viii 134 2 Problems Arising from the Exclusive Focus on States to Ensure nsa Accountability 138 4 The New Horizon: Direct nsa Accountability under International Law for Space Pollution 147 1 Two Case Studies Exemplifying the New Threat Emanating from nsa s 147 1.1 Profit-Driven nsa s 148 1.2 Politically-Motivated Violent nsa s 156 2 The Direct Application of International Law to nsa s regarding Space Pollution 160 2.1 Space Law 160 2.2 International Criminal Law 164 2.3 International Humanitarian Law 174 2.4 International Human Rights Law 184 2.5 International Environmental Law 191 2.6 Private International Law 196 2.7 Conclusion on Alternative International Law Domains 200 3 Operationalizing nsa Accountability for Space Pollution: Fora in Which to Proceed against nsa s under International Law 201 3.1 International Courts and Institutions 201 3.2 Domestic Courts Acting under Universal Jurisdiction 205 3.3 Domestic Courts Acting under Extra-Territorial Jurisdiction 209 5 Domestic and Regional Practice: Legislation, Enforcement Frameworks, and Jurisprudence 213 1 Oceanic States 220 1.1 Australia 220 1.2 New Zealand 223 2 European States 224 2.1 The European Space Agency 225 2.1.1 The European Union 229 2.1.2 France 234 2.1.3 Germany 237 2.1.4 Austria 239 2.1.5 Slovenia 242 2.1.6 Luxembourg 243 2.1.7 Belgium 245 2.1.8 Finland 249 2.1.9 Denmark 252 2.1.10 Italy 254 2.1.11 The Netherlands 255 2.1.12 Norway 257 2.1.13 Portugal 258 2.1.14 Sweden 260 2.1.15 United Kingdom 261 2.1.16 Greece 265 3 North American States 266 3.1 United States of America 266 3.2 Canada 279 4 Eastern European (Non-EU) and Central Eurasian States 282 4.1 The Russian Federation 282 4.2 Kazakhstan 289 4.3 Ukraine 291 4.4 Armenia 294 5 South American States 296 5.1 Brazil 296 5.2 Costa Rica 297 5.3 Peru 298 6 Asian States 299 6.1 Japan 299 6.2 Republic of Korea 303 6.3 China 306 6.4 India 310 6.5 Indonesia 311 7 Middle Eastern States 314 7.1 United Arab Emirates 314 8 African States 316 8.1 South Africa 316 8.2 Kenya 317 8.3 Nigeria 318 9 Additional States with Regulatory Mechanisms Concerning Space Activities 319 10 International Law Association Model Law for Domestic Systems 327 11 Conclusions on Domestic and Regional Practice 330 6 Lex ferenda: Normative Options to Redress Future nsa Space Pollution 334 1 Retrenchment 335 2 Re-interpretation 345 3 Reform 351 4 Conclusions regarding Options to Redress the Gap in Space Law Regarding nsa s 366 5 Insights from the Avenues for Redress regarding the Nature of International Law 367 7 Overall Conclusions: An Emerging Threat that Tests the Underpinnings of International Law 379 Annex: Proposed New Protocol to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967 Addressing nsa Responsibility for Space Pollution 391 Bibliography 394 Index 463
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Lex ad astra : non-state actor accountability for space pollution 이용현황 표 - 등록번호, 청구기호, 권별정보, 자료실, 이용여부로 구성 되어있습니다.
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Outer space has long been considered the last untouched wilderness. However, non-State actors are increasingly active in space, heightening the risk of space pollution. Space law, designed during the Cold War, is State-centric and makes inadequate provision for non-State actors. In the face of this emerging threat, this book examines potential avenues of redress in space law, including the Outer Space Treaty, along with international environmental law, international criminal law, international humanitarian law, and international human rights law. It also reviews the national legislation adopted by space-faring States at the domestic level. In parallel, the book examines the deeper theoretical implications addressing non-State actor conduct under international law. Ultimately, it proposes a ground-breaking new international law instrument to hold non-State actors responsible for space pollution.