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Title page 1
Contents 4
Acknowledgments 5
Executive summary 6
1. Introduction 8
Why decarbonization matters 9
Buses 11
Heavy-duty freight 11
Objectives of this report 12
2. Decarbonizing heavy-duty road transport: global patent trends 14
Key findings 15
Development of decarbonization technologies in heavy-duty road transport 17
Development in the main decarbonization areas 17
3. Energy sources 20
Transitioning away from internal combustion engines 21
Global patent development 23
Overview of the four key low-emission energy sources 24
Patenting growth compared to other technologies 26
Top inventor locations 28
Top patent owners 33
4. Energy infrastructure 39
The fundamental constraint 40
Global patent development 42
Top inventor locations 47
Key filing jurisdictions 51
Top patent owners 51
5. Vehicle efficiency 54
The drive for greater efficiency 55
Global patent development 56
Top inventor locations 59
Top patent owners 64
6. Digitalization: fleet and operations management 67
The convergence with digital technologies 68
Global patent development 69
Top inventor locations 71
Top patent owners 72
7. IRENA analysis: pathways, policies and enablers for zero-emission trucks and buses 76
Status quo of heavy-duty road transport 77
Decarbonization pathways for heavy-duty road transport 79
Reflections and recommendations to accelerate the transition 91
Appendix 96
A.1. Methodology for patent analysis 96
A.2. Patent indicators 97
A.3. Patent searches 99
Figure 1.1. Required electrification rate to meet 1.5°C Scenario in end use sectors by 2030 9
Figure 1.2. Technology trends shaping the decarbonization of heavy-duty road transport 12
Figure 2.1. A summary of the global patenting trends in decarbonization technologies for heavy-duty road transport 16
Figure 2.2. WIPO Patent Momentum Indicator for decarbonization technologies in heavy-duty road transport, 2019-2024 18
Figure 3.1. Published patent families in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 23
Figure 3.2. Published patent families in each of the low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 24
Figure 3.3. Development of lithium battery costs and density, 1990-2023, costs in USD per kilowatt-hour, density in watt-hour per kilogram 25
Figure 3.4. Indexed development of global published patent families in each of the low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road... 26
Figure 3.5. Total published patent families for the top inventor locations in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport, 2000-2024 28
Figure 3.6. Top inventor locations in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport, by number of published patent families... 29
Figure 3.7. Relative Specialization Index (RSI) in the different low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport for... 30
Figure 3.8. Research priorities in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport for the top inventor locations, by share... 31
Figure 3.9. Research priorities in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport for the top inventor locations, by number... 32
Figure 3.10. Top patent filing jurisdictions in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport based on the number... 33
Figure 3.11. Top patent owners in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport, by number of published patent families,... 34
Figure 3.12. Research priorities of the top patent owners in low-emission energy sources for heavy-duty road transport, based on... 36
Figure 4.1. Published patent families in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 42
Figure 4.2. Published patent families in each energy infrastructure type for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 43
Figure 4.3. Indexed development of global published patent families in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport,... 44
Figure 4.4. Global published patent families in the field of different charging solutions and smart grid technologies for heavy-duty road transport, 2000-2024 46
Figure 4.5. Total published patent families for the top inventor locations in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport, 2000-2024 48
Figure 4.6. Research priorities in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport for the top inventor locations, by share based on... 49
Figure 4.7. Research priorities in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport for the top inventor locations, by number... 50
Figure 4.8. Top patent filing jurisdictions in energy infrastructure for heavy-duty road transport based on number of published patent families, 2000-2024 51
Figure 4.9. Top patent owners in energy infrastructure by number of published patent families, 2000-2024, and their annual patent publication... 52
Figure 5.1. Published patent families in vehicle efficiency for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 57
Figure 5.2. Published patent families in each type of vehicle efficiency for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 58
Figure 5.3. Indexed development of global published patent families in vehicle efficiency, by publication year 2000-2024 58
Figure 5.4. Total published patent families for the top inventor locations in vehicle efficiency technologies for heavy-duty road transport, 2000-2024 59
Figure 5.5. Top inventor locations in vehicle efficiency for heavy-duty road transport, by number of published patent families (2020-2024),... 60
Figure 5.6. Relative Specialization Index (RSI) in different areas of vehicle efficiency for heavy-duty road transport for the top inventor locations, 2020-2024 61
Figure 5.7. Research priorities in heavy-duty vehicle efficiency for the top inventor locations, by share based on published patent families, 2000-2024 62
Figure 5.8. Research priorities for the top inventor locations in heavy-duty vehicle efficiency technologies, by number... 62
Figure 5.9. Top patent-filing jurisdictions in heavy-duty road transport vehicle efficiency technologies, based on the number... 63
Figure 5.10. Top patent owners in heavy-duty vehicle efficiency technologies, by number of published patent families, 2000-2024... 65
Figure 5.11. Research priorities of the top patent owners in heavy-duty vehicle efficiency technologies, based on the number... 66
Figure 6.1. Published patent families in green digitalization for heavy-duty road transport by earliest publication year, 2000-2024 70
Figure 6.2. Indexed development of global published patent families in green digitalization for heavy-duty road transport compared... 70
Figure 6.3. Total published patent families for the top inventor locations in green digitalization technologies for heavy-duty road transport, 2000-2024 71
Figure 6.4. Top inventor locations in green digitalization for heavy-duty road transport, by number of published patent families... 72
Figure 6.5. Top patent owners in green digitalization for heavy-duty road transport, by number of published patent families, 2000-2024,... 73
Figure 7.1. Overview: heavy-duty trucks profiles and usage 77
Figure 7.2. Cost of Li-ion battery pack and cell split, volume weighted average (2013-2025) 81
Figure 7.3. Decarbonization options for heavy-duty vehicles 83
Figure 7.4. Hard-to-abate sector decarbonization enablers within the enabling dimensions 84
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