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Title page 1
Contents 6
Preface 4
Foreword 5
Abbreviations and acronyms 8
Executive summary 9
1. Policy considerations 11
1.1. Cross-cutting policy considerations 12
1.2. Proxy advisors 12
1.3. ESG rating and data providers 13
1.4. Index providers 15
2. Overview of regulatory frameworks for capital market service providers 16
2.1. Regulatory frameworks for traditional service providers: securities analysts and credit rating agencies 17
2.1.1. Regulatory frameworks for securities analysts 17
2.1.2. Regulatory frameworks for credit rating agencies 19
2.2. Regulatory frameworks for proxy advisors 22
2.2.1. Introduction 22
2.2.2. Business models 22
2.2.3. Regulatory frameworks for proxy advisors 23
2.2.4. Methodologies 25
2.2.5. Competence, experience, ethics and independence 27
2.2.6. Engagement with companies 28
2.2.7. Conflicts of interest 29
2.2.8. Registration/authorisation, monitoring and competitive landscape 31
2.3. Regulatory frameworks for ESG rating and data providers 35
2.3.1. Introduction 35
2.3.2. Business models 36
2.3.3. Regulatory frameworks for ESG rating and data providers 36
2.3.4. Methodologies 38
2.3.5. Competence, experience, ethics and independence 40
2.3.6. Engagement with issuers 40
2.3.7. Conflicts of interest 41
2.3.8. Registration/authorisation, monitoring and competitive landscape 43
2.4. Regulatory frameworks for index providers 48
2.4.1. Introduction 48
2.4.2. Business models 48
2.4.3. Regulatory frameworks for index providers 49
2.4.4. Methodologies 51
2.4.5. Engagement with issuers 53
2.4.6. Conflicts of interest 53
2.4.7. Registration/authorisation 54
References 58
3. Case study: Belgium 65
3.1. Introduction 66
3.2. Regulation and monitoring of proxy advisors 66
3.2.1. Institutional framework for proxy advisors 66
3.2.2. Legal and regulatory framework for proxy advisors 66
3.2.3. Best Practice Principles for Shareholder Voting Research Providers 67
3.2.4. No formal registration of proxy advisors and SRD II review 69
3.3. Market practices of proxy advisors, institutional investors and listed companies 69
3.3.1. Market structure and context for proxy advisors in Belgium 69
3.3.2. Conflicts of interest and methodology transparency from proxy advisors 69
3.3.3. Review of benchmark policies and engagement of proxy advisors with listed companies 70
3.4. Regulation and monitoring of ESG rating and data providers 71
3.4.1. Institutional framework for ESG rating providers 71
3.4.2. The EU ESG Ratings Regulation 71
3.4.3. Market participant views on the ESG Ratings Regulation 73
3.4.4. Framework applicable to ESG data providers 73
3.5. Market practices of ESG rating and data providers, institutional investors and listed companies 74
3.5.1. Market structure and context for ESG rating and data providers in Belgium 74
3.5.2. Conflicts of interest 74
3.5.3. Methodology transparency and updates 74
3.5.4. Belgian market participant views and engagement with ESG rating providers 75
3.5.5. Belgian market participant views and engagement with ESG data providers 75
3.6. Index providers in Belgium 76
3.6.1. The EU Benchmarks Regulation 76
3.6.2. Market participant views on index providers 79
3.7. Policy considerations 79
3.7.1. Proxy advisors 80
3.7.2. ESG rating providers 81
3.7.3. ESG data providers 81
3.7.4. Index providers 82
References 82
Notes 83
4. Case study: Chile 84
4.1. Introduction 85
4.2. Market practices of proxy advisors, institutional investors and listed companies 85
4.3. Market practices of ESG rating and data providers, institutional investors and listed companies 86
4.4. Market practices of index providers, institutional investors and listed companies 88
4.5. Policy considerations 89
References 91
5. Case study: India 93
5.1. Introduction 94
5.1.1. Institutional framework 94
5.1.2. Legal and regulatory framework 95
5.2. Regulation and monitoring of proxy advisors 97
5.2.1. SEBI Research Analyst Regulations, 2014 97
5.2.2. Master Circular for Research Analysts 97
5.2.3. SEBI expectations and monitoring of proxy advisors 98
5.2.4. Expectations of institutional investors and their use of proxy advisors 98
5.3. Market practices of proxy advisors, institutional investors and listed companies 98
5.3.1. Market structure and context for proxy advisors in India 98
5.3.2. Conflicts of interest 99
5.3.3. Methodology transparency from proxy advisors 99
5.3.4. Review of benchmark policies and engagement from proxy advisors with listed companies 100
5.3.5. Issues that proxy advisors particularly pay attention in their voting research and recommendations 100
5.3.6. Use of proxy advice by institutional investors and mandatory voting 101
5.4. Regulation and monitoring of ESG rating and data providers 101
5.4.1. Credit Rating Agencies Regulations amendments for ESG rating providers 102
5.4.2. Master Circular for ESG Rating Providers (ERPs) 102
5.4.3. SEBI expectations for institutional investors and their use of ESG rating and data providers 105
5.4.4. Market participant views on the ERP regulations 106
5.5. Market practices of ESG rating and data providers, institutional investors and listed companies 106
5.5.1. Market structure and context for ESG rating and data providers in India 106
5.5.2. Conflicts of interest 107
5.5.3. Methodology transparency 108
5.5.4. Business models and their implications for ESG rating methodologies 109
5.5.5. Market participant views of ESG ratings 110
5.6. Regulation and monitoring of index providers 110
5.6.1. SEBI (Index Providers) Regulations, 2024 110
5.6.2. SEBI expectations and monitoring of index providers 112
5.6.3. Market participant views on SEBI's Index Provider Regulations 112
5.7. Market practices from index providers, institutional investors and listed companies 112
5.7.1. Market structure and context for index providers in India 112
5.7.2. Conflicts of interest 112
5.7.3. Methodology transparency from index providers 113
5.7.4. Market participant views of index providers 114
5.8. Policy considerations 114
5.8.1. Proxy advisors 115
5.8.2. ESG rating and data providers 116
5.8.3. Index providers 117
References 118
Figure 2.1. Overview of regulatory frameworks for proxy advisors 25
Figure 2.2. Proxy advisors' disclosure of methodologies 27
Figure 2.3. Proxy advisors' engagement with companies 29
Figure 2.4. Proxy advisors' conflicts of interest 31
Figure 2.5. Registration/authorisation landscape overview 32
Figure 2.6. Regulatory frameworks for ESG rating and data providers 37
Figure 2.7. ESG rating methodologies requirements 40
Figure 2.8. ESG rating conflicts of interest-related requirements 43
Figure 2.9. Registration/authorisation and competitive landscape overview 45
Figure 2.10. Regulatory frameworks for index providers 50
Figure 2.11. Index provider methodologies requirement 52
Figure 2.12. Index provider conflicts of interest-related requirements 54
Figure 2.13. Registration/authorisation requirements for index providers 55
Figure 5.1. Overview of SEBI-registered ESG rating providers 107
Boxes 68
Box 3.1. The Best Practice Principles for Shareholder Voting Research Providers 68
Box 5.1. Proxy advisor, ESG rating and data providers and index providers representation on SEBI committees 96
Box 5.2. Overview of domestic proxy advisors operating in India 99
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