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Title page 1

Contents 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4

PREFACE 8

1. INTRODUCTION 12

2. YOUTH IN ESTONIA DURING THE CRUMBLING OF THE TSARIST REGIME (1907-1927) 17

3. ECONOMICS STUDIES DURING THE KEYNES-HAYEK CONTROVERSIES (1928-1934) 24

3.1. The First World War as a watershed in world history 24

3.2. From Austrian business-cycle theory to the Keynesian revolution 27

3.3. Economics studies in Edinburgh in crisis times (1928-1932) 31

3.4. Postgraduate studies in Vienna during the Great Depression (1932-1934) 36

3.5. 'Causes and Effects of Capital Movements' (1934) 43

3.6. 'The Schematic Representation of the Structure of Production' (1935) 45

4. THE MONETARY EXPERT AT THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS (1934-1946) 50

4.1. Economic research at the League of Nations 50

4.2. Joining one of the leading research centres of the interwar period 55

4.3. Nurkse's 1935 International Capital Movements: volatile capital movements at the centre of the interwar monetary disorder 61

4.4. The League's business cycle programme 68

4.5. The rise of fascism and the League's search for a new purpose 73

4.6. The League mission to Princeton 78

4.7. Focus on postwar reconstruction 82

5. THE LEAGUE, INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXPERIENCE AND DEBATES ON THE POSTWAR MONETARY ORDER 89

5.1. A new international monetary order 89

5.2. The League's search for influence 96

5.3. Nurkse's International Currency Experience 101

5.4. Controlling exchange rate fluctuations 108

5.5. Nurkse's lessons from the interwar period 112

6. INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXPERIENCE AND THE BRETTON WOODS PARADIGM 117

6.1. International Currency Experience as the authoritative account of the Bretton Woods paradigm 117

6.2. The Bretton Woods negotiations 119

6.3. The academic reception of International Currency Experience 127

6.4. Nurkse's search for a new future 131

7. EPILOGUE 138

7.1. Nurkse and the Bretton Woods paradigm 138

7.2. The breakdown of the Bretton Woods system 139

7.3. Lessons for today? 143

SOURCES 147

Archives 147

Persons interviewed 147

References 148

Tables 26

Table 1. Gold (billions of US dollars), 1913-1928 26

Table 2. Ragnar Nurkse's main writings for the League of Nations, 1935-1946 59

Table 3. Members of the League mission to Princeton, 1940 80

Table 4. Central bank gold reserves (in millions of US dollars of old parity), 1913-1943 106