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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Abbreviations and acronyms 9

Executive summary 11

The case for scaling up private action 11

Entry point 1: Strengthening enabling environments 11

Entry point 2: Promoting private sector engagement 12

Entry point 3: Mobilising private finance 12

Implications for development co-operation 12

1. The case for private action for biodiversity 13

The global biodiversity roadmap and the role of private action 14

Market failures and investment barriers constrain private action 14

The way forward: Entry points for development co-operation 16

References 19

Notes 21

2. Enabling environments 22

Strong enabling environments are important for private action and biodiversity 23

Three key levers shape an enabling environment that supports private action on biodiversity 23

Enabling environments are fundamental for internalising the economic value of biodiversity and unlocking private action and financing for biodiversity 36

References 37

Notes 44

3. Private sector engagement 46

Private momentum for biodiversity is ramping up, but alignment remains limited 47

Private sector engagement modalities 48

Key areas for promoting private sector engagement for biodiversity 49

Exploring opportunities for private sector engagement in the context of development and biodiversity 58

References 58

Notes 65

4. Mobilising private finance for biodiversity in developing countries 66

Three pathways exist for mobilising private finance for biodiversity 67

Pathway 1: Direct investing in biodiversity-related assets or activities 67

Pathway 2: Integrating biodiversity into non-biodiversity-related sustainable finance 75

Pathway 3: Integrating biodiversity in existing market mechanisms 81

Exploring opportunities to mobilise private finance for biodiversity 82

References 83

Notes 89

Annex A. General investment barriers for biodiversity 91

References 92

Annex B. Findings from consultations on the state of development co-operation to support the private sector and nature 96

References 109

Notes 113

Annex C. Examples of private sector engagement in the context of development and biodiversity 115

References 117

Notes 119

Tables 7

Table 1.1. Entry points for scaling up private action for biodiversity in development co-operation 18

Figures 7

Figure 4.1. The "Five Is" framework: Policy areas where donors can support GSS bond issuances 74

Boxes 7

Box 2.1. Enabling environments are a precondition for market creation for nature 24

Box 2.2. National biodiversity strategies and action plans (NBSAPs) as frameworks for mainstreaming and policy coherence 27

Box 2.3. The role of multilateral and international co-operation for biodiversity-related trade policy 32

Box 3.1. Trade and biodiversity in the context of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework 51

Box 3.2. Partnering with the private sector for sustainable and resilient supply chains: Examples from the Asian Development Bank 53

Box 4.1. Biodiversity bonds and small island developing states 72

Box 4.2. Donor support to bond issuances: Green, social and sustainability bonds to unlock private finance for biodiversity and development 74

Box 4.3. The first outcome-based bond supporting financing of conservation activities: The Wildlife Conservation Bond or rhino bond 78

Box 4.4. Creating indirect revenue flows to support biodiversity protection: The Tropical Forest Forever Facility 80

Box 4.5. Linking investor returns to carbon removal: The Amazon reforestation-linked outcome bond 82

Appendix Tables 7

Table A A.1. General investment barriers to scaling up action on biodiversity 91

Table A B.1. Development co-operation and private action: biodiversity perspective 96

Table A B.2. Institutional strategies on biodiversity and private action in the context of development co-operation 97

Table A B.3. Mandates and level of private engagement across development co-operation actors 98

Table A B.4. Development co-operation challenges to scale up private action for biodiversity 104

Table A C.1. Overview of development co-operation examples by category 115

Appendix Boxes 8

Box A B.1. Policy dialogue to promote good practice and alignment 100

Box A B.2. Catalytic role of grants and capacity development for biodiversity 102

Box A B.3. Navigating legal and regulatory frameworks 106

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