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Title page 1

Contents 7

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 6

Abbreviations and acronyms 10

Executive summary 12

1. Overview 14

Trends and developments in international student mobility 16

International student enrolment is peaking in leading host destinations 16

International students originate primarily from Asia, Africa and Latin America 20

International students have been a major contributor to overall enrolment growth 22

International students boosted institutional revenue 22

Policies are increasingly being amended to regulate numbers of international students 24

What challenges do international students face? 27

Developing policy for international students 28

References 31

2. Choosing what to study, admission and arrival processes 36

Identifying reliable information about study and life in foreign countries 37

Information on study programmes and support for international students 39

Agents and third parties 41

Pre-departure services and guidance 42

Matching applicant aspirations and abilities with study offer and country needs 42

Enrolment patterns 42

Aspirations and motivations 48

Abilities and capacities 49

Constraints to enrolment 49

Funding studies 50

Admission procedures 52

Recognition and equivalence of foreign qualifications 53

Obtaining a study visa/permit 54

Requirements and guidance for institutions hosting international students 55

Annex 2.A. National processes for study visa/permit 57

Australia - Student Visa (Subclass 500) 57

Canada - Study permit 57

France - Long-stay student visa equivalent to a residence permit (VLS-TS) 57

Germany - Student visa and residence permit 57

Netherlands - Student residence permit for university or higher professional education 57

United Kingdom - Student visa 58

References 59

3. Study adaptation, progression and success 66

Academic preparedness and adaptation 67

Integration into the academic community 68

International students feel that they belong, often even more than domestic students 68

International students feel isolated and disconnected from their peers 69

Access to institutional support services and activities 70

Study progression and completion 72

International students have higher completion rates than domestic students 72

Dropout factors for international students 73

References 73

4. Life in a new country and integration 77

Securing suitable housing 78

Familiarising with the surroundings and accessing services 81

Health insurance 82

Local and community integration 82

Covering study and living costs 83

Working during studies 85

Maintaining study visas/permits 86

Discrimination and safety 87

Accompanying family members: partners and dependants 88

References 89

5. Post-graduation opportunities and possibilities 94

Staying in the country 95

Most international students intend to stay on, but only some remain long-term 95

International graduates are more likely to continue in further studies 97

Who stays, perspectives from Europe 97

Where do international students go after graduation? 98

Recognition of qualifications in another country 98

Obtaining post-graduation visa/permit 98

Possibilities for a longer or permanent stay in the host country 99

Securing employment 100

International students have better employment outcomes than foreign-born groups but worse than the domestic populations 100

International graduates are initially worse off compared to domestic graduates 100

Supporting transition to the labour market 102

Participating in alumni networks 105

References 106

6. Emerging policy considerations 110

Policy considerations for improving the experience of international students 111

Consideration 1. Steering enrolment by creating a predictable environment for students and institutions 112

Consideration 2. Reducing dropout by strengthening academic adaptation, integration and wellbeing support 112

Consideration 3. Supporting post-graduation transitions to the labour market and providing clear information on possibilities for longer-term stay 113

Consideration 4. Strengthening evidence gathering and monitoring 114

Tables 9

Table 1.1. International enrolments and new entrants in national sources 18

Table 1.2. Preliminary number of newly granted study visas/permits, 2022-2025 26

Table 2.1. National outreach and information portals for international students 38

Table 2.2. Distribution of students across types of higher education institutions 45

Table 2.3. Regional concentration of international and domestic students, 2022 46

Table 2.4. Tuition fees and required annual financial means for international students 50

Table 5.1. Post-graduation visa/permit for seeking employment/self-employment 99

Figures 9

Figure 1.1. Total number and share of international students in tertiary education, 2023 16

Figure 1.2. The number of international students enrolled, 2013-2023 17

Figure 1.3. Share of mobile new entrants, 2013-2023 19

Figure 1.4. Share of mobile students enrolled by country and continent of origin 21

Figure 1.5. The number of domestic and international students 2013-2023 22

Figure 1.6. Standardised inflows of temporary migrants: International students, 2014-2024 25

Figure 1.7. Life cycle of international students and related challenges 28

Figure 1.8. Policy areas and levels involved in shaping policies for international students 29

Figure 2.1. Students by level of education, 2023 43

Figure 2.2. Share of enrolled students by field of study, 2023 44

Figure 5.1. Five-year in-country retention rates for receivers of study visa/permit 96

Boxes 9

Box 1. DAAD Campus Initiative for International Skilled Workers 104

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