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Title page 1

Contents 5

Foreword 4

Reader's guide 9

Executive summary 14

1. Understanding and promoting inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea: Context and key insights 16

The evidence and principles underpinning a well-being approach to measurement and policy practice 17

Key insights from this report 26

References 47

Notes 51

2. Inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea since 1996: Trends and achievements 53

Introduction 54

Income, wealth and economic capital 56

Work and job quality 58

Health and safety 60

Educational attainment and skills 63

Subjective well-being 65

Social connections 67

Civic engagement and social capital 69

Environmental quality and natural capital 72

References 75

Notes 79

3. Ensuring inclusive and sustainable well-being for Korean men and women throughout their lives: Outcomes by gender, age and education 82

Introduction 83

Gender differences in inclusive, sustainable well-being outcomes 86

Inclusive and sustainable well-being at different life stages 102

Differences in inclusive and sustainable well-being by educational attainment 119

References 120

Notes 128

4. Opportunities to further strengthen inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea for all 130

Promoting thriving in young adulthood 132

Promoting good mental health and social connections 140

Addressing social and structural factors in gender inequality 165

References 185

Notes 199

Annex A. Mapping Korean data availability against the OECD Well-being Framework 204

Tables 6

Table 1. ISO3 codes for OECD countries 9

Table 2. Indicator-specific thresholds used to assess changes well-being outcomes 11

Table 1.1. Selected opportunity areas for improving inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea through sectoral structural reform and applying... 46

Table 3.1. Well-being gaps by education level in Korea are smaller or similar to the OECD average, with the exception of social support 119

Table 4.1. Summary of key policy insights in this chapter 132

Figures 6

Figure 1.1. The OECD Well-being Framework 19

Figure 1.2. The Korean Ministry of Data and Statistics Quality of Life Framework 20

Figure 1.3. Some common principles underpin well-being informed policy practice across OECD countries 23

Figure 1.4. Colour coding used to classify Korea's performance today and its evolution over time 26

Figure 1.5. Today, Koreans live longer, and are safer and more educated than the OECD average 28

Figure 1.6. Material well-being has increased in Korea overall, accompanied by reductions in income inequality 30

Figure 1.7. Child poverty has dropped below the OECD average in recent years, but old-age poverty remains a challenge in Korea 32

Figure 1.8. Ensuring sustainable management of natural capital remains a key well-being challenge in Korea 33

Figure 1.9. Institutional trust, interpersonal trust, and perceived political efficacy are showing some signs of decline 34

Figure 1.10. Young Koreans face substantial labour market and income pressures 36

Figure 1.11. Despite overall reductions since 2011, suicide rates remain relatively high in Korea 38

Figure 1.12. Mental health and social connectedness risks can vary by gender and age 40

Figure 1.13. Despite significant advances, further progress in achieving gender equality in work, family, and public life is needed 43

Figure 2.1. Colour coding used to classify Korea's performance today and its evolution over time 54

Figure 2.2. Korea's comparative well-being performance and evolution since 1996: Summary selection of indicators 55

Figure 2.3. At a glance: The evolution of income, wealth and economic capital in Korea 57

Figure 2.4. At a glance: The evolution of work and job quality in Korea 59

Figure 2.5. Korean workers work 200 hours more per year than the OECD average 60

Figure 2.6. At a glance: The evolution of health and safety in Korea 62

Figure 2.7. At a glance: The evolution of educational attainment and skills in Korea 64

Figure 2.8. At a glance: The evolution of subjective well-being in Korea 66

Figure 2.9. At a glance: The evolution of social connections in Korea 68

Figure 2.10. Satisfaction with personal relationships has increased and loneliness declined 69

Figure 2.11. At a glance: The evolution of civic engagement and social capital in Korea 70

Figure 2.12. Koreans' trust in various public institutions, other people and media according to the OECD Trust Survey 72

Figure 2.13. At a glance: The evolution of environmental quality and natural capital in Korea 74

Figure 3.1. Korea's inclusive well-being: International comparison and evolution since 1996 84

Figure 3.2. From one of the youngest OECD countries to one of the fastest-ageing societies 85

Figure 3.3. Women excel in education: From school to tertiary levels 87

Figure 3.4. Sustained growth in Korean women's employment: On the path towards the OECD average 88

Figure 3.5. Korean women face a growing gender employment gap in their 30s, larger than the OECD average 89

Figure 3.6. Closing only slowly: Korea's gender wage gap in perspective 90

Figure 3.7. There are opportunities to strengthen women representation in economic and political leadership in Korea 91

Figure 3.8. Counterbalancing the gender imbalance in paid-unpaid work allocation can unlock full and equal women's labour market engagement 92

Figure 3.9. Gender role expectations in Korea continue to sustain the conventional model of men providers - women primary caregivers 93

Figure 3.10. The gender homicide gap is very narrow in Korea, due in large part to low male homicide rates 94

Figure 3.11. Intimate partner violence: A pressing concern 95

Figure 3.12. Suicide rates have been persistently high among both men and women in Korea despite reductions in recent years 98

Figure 3.13. Negative affect balance - the experience of more negative than positive emotional states in a given day - is particularly high and... 99

Figure 3.14. Korean women are more likely than men to report feeling stressed in daily life 99

Figure 3.15. Opportunities to bridge gender gaps in social support, tackling higher women loneliness and men lower perceived emotional support 100

Figure 3.16. Further attention may be needed to understand and address possible emerging gender gaps in trust in government and political efficacy 101

Figure 3.17. Safeguarding Korea's declining child poverty is essential to sustaining gains in child well-being 102

Figure 3.18. There is clear potential to improve weekday leisure time satisfaction for Korean youth aged 15-19 and adults aged 30-39 103

Figure 3.19. Low satisfaction with life and appearance among Korean children signal opportunities to further enhance child well-being 104

Figure 3.20. Addressing high inactivity among tertiary-educated 25-34 year-olds in Korea presents an opportunity for inclusive labour market... 106

Figure 3.21. There is scope to enhance financial stability for young Koreans amid trends of falling incomes and rising debt 107

Figure 3.22. Social connections are relatively strong among young Koreans, yet youth loneliness is growing 108

Figure 3.23. Perceived political efficacy has declined across all age groups since 2021 in Korea, though the drop has been less pronounced... 109

Figure 3.24. Counteracting increasing worry among young adults, especially young women, can enhance Korea's subjective well-being 110

Figure 3.25. Employment rates among older Koreans aged 55-64 years have consistently exceeded the OECD average since 1996 112

Figure 3.26. Strengthening efforts to reduce older adults' high income poverty can secure stronger economic well-being in Korea's ageing society 113

Figure 3.27. Perceived social support declines at a much sharper rate by age for Koreans, and especially Korean men, than the OECD average 114

Figure 3.28. Loneliness has declined over time for all age groups, but less markedly for those aged over 60, widening the loneliness gap between... 115

Figure 3.29. Older Korean women are more likely to experience physical pain than same-aged OECD peers 116

Figure 3.30. Self-reported stress has declined since 2008, but older Korean women have seen less substantial reductions in stress than men... 116

Figure 3.31. Suicide risk increases with age in Korea 117

Figure 3.32. Korean men have higher levels of trust in government than women in young adulthood and old age but not in middle age,... 118

Figure 4.1. Conceptual framework of child and youth participation underpinning the Irish National Strategy 2015-2020 138

Figure 4.2. The OECD GBV Governance Framework: A three-pillar approach 179

Boxes 8

Box 1.1. Quality of Life Indicators in Korea (KQoL) 20

Box 1.2. Examples of the use of well-being evidence to inform budgeting and resource allocation approaches 22

Box 1.3. The OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP) 25

Box 2.1. Koreans' perceptions of and trust in public institutions from the OECD Trust Survey 71

Box 3.1. Korea's rapid demographic transition 84

Box 3.2. Korean Gender Equality Index (KGEI) 86

Box 3.3. Korea's #MeToo movement and rising public and political awareness of gender-based violence 95

Box 4.1. International good practice examples: Integrating mental health and social connectedness in job-seeking support for young adults 135

Box 4.2. International good practice examples: Ireland and Slovenia's Youth Participation Strategies 137

Box 4.3. International good practice example: Sweden's Local Follow-up of Youth Policy (LUPP) Survey 140

Box 4.4. A comprehensive anti-loneliness strategy in Seoul 143

Box 4.5. International good practice examples: Improving access to mental healthcare support and implementing effective suicide prevention... 148

Box 4.6. International good practice examples: Mental health stigma reduction programmes in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and worldwide 151

Box 4.7. International good practice example: The Japanese Government's integrated policy approach to tackle loneliness and social isolation 152

Box 4.8. The role of social infrastructure for promoting social connectedness and broader well-being outcomes 154

Box 4.9. International good practice examples: School-based interventions to promote good mental health and social relationships for children... 155

Box 4.10. International good practice examples: Ireland's Digital Strategy for Schools 158

Box 4.11. Supporting cross-sector "win-win" policies through co-ordinated mental health promotion strategies 159

Box 4.12. International good practice examples: Encouraging and supporting employers to strengthen mental health in the workplace 160

Box 4.13. International good practices: Boosting older people's mental health and social connectedness 162

Box 4.14. Gender discrimination in the workplace and efforts to strengthen the implementation of gender equality policies in Korea 168

Box 4.15. International good practice example: Italy's efforts to co-produce data on violence against women with civil society 170

Box 4.16. International good practice example: Canada's Gender-Based Plus impact assessment methodology and government efforts... 171

Box 4.17. International good practice examples: Overcoming gender stereotypes in career choices for young people 173

Box 4.18. International good practices: School-based interventions to combat sexual harassment, gender-based violence and harmful masculinity 174

Box 4.19. International good practice: Government and business initiatives to support women's participation in management and leadership ... 177

Box 4.20. Integrated and victim-centred sexual assault treatment and response in Korea 180

Box 4.21. International good practice: Regulating technology platforms to protect children and prevent digital gender-based violence at all ages... 181

Box 4.22. International good practice examples: Engaging men and boys to be part of the solution for gender equality 184

Annex Figures 7

Figure A A.1. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Current well-being (part 1) 205

Figure A A.2. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Current well-being (part 2) 206

Figure A A.3. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Resources for future well-being 207