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동의어 포함
Title page 1
Contents 5
Foreword 4
Reader's guide 9
Executive summary 14
1. Understanding and promoting inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea: Context and key insights 16
The evidence and principles underpinning a well-being approach to measurement and policy practice 17
Key insights from this report 26
References 47
Notes 51
2. Inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea since 1996: Trends and achievements 53
Introduction 54
Income, wealth and economic capital 56
Work and job quality 58
Health and safety 60
Educational attainment and skills 63
Subjective well-being 65
Social connections 67
Civic engagement and social capital 69
Environmental quality and natural capital 72
References 75
Notes 79
3. Ensuring inclusive and sustainable well-being for Korean men and women throughout their lives: Outcomes by gender, age and education 82
Introduction 83
Gender differences in inclusive, sustainable well-being outcomes 86
Inclusive and sustainable well-being at different life stages 102
Differences in inclusive and sustainable well-being by educational attainment 119
References 120
Notes 128
4. Opportunities to further strengthen inclusive and sustainable well-being in Korea for all 130
Promoting thriving in young adulthood 132
Promoting good mental health and social connections 140
Addressing social and structural factors in gender inequality 165
References 185
Notes 199
Annex A. Mapping Korean data availability against the OECD Well-being Framework 204
Figure 1.1. The OECD Well-being Framework 19
Figure 1.2. The Korean Ministry of Data and Statistics Quality of Life Framework 20
Figure 1.3. Some common principles underpin well-being informed policy practice across OECD countries 23
Figure 1.4. Colour coding used to classify Korea's performance today and its evolution over time 26
Figure 1.5. Today, Koreans live longer, and are safer and more educated than the OECD average 28
Figure 1.6. Material well-being has increased in Korea overall, accompanied by reductions in income inequality 30
Figure 1.7. Child poverty has dropped below the OECD average in recent years, but old-age poverty remains a challenge in Korea 32
Figure 1.8. Ensuring sustainable management of natural capital remains a key well-being challenge in Korea 33
Figure 1.9. Institutional trust, interpersonal trust, and perceived political efficacy are showing some signs of decline 34
Figure 1.10. Young Koreans face substantial labour market and income pressures 36
Figure 1.11. Despite overall reductions since 2011, suicide rates remain relatively high in Korea 38
Figure 1.12. Mental health and social connectedness risks can vary by gender and age 40
Figure 1.13. Despite significant advances, further progress in achieving gender equality in work, family, and public life is needed 43
Figure 2.1. Colour coding used to classify Korea's performance today and its evolution over time 54
Figure 2.2. Korea's comparative well-being performance and evolution since 1996: Summary selection of indicators 55
Figure 2.3. At a glance: The evolution of income, wealth and economic capital in Korea 57
Figure 2.4. At a glance: The evolution of work and job quality in Korea 59
Figure 2.5. Korean workers work 200 hours more per year than the OECD average 60
Figure 2.6. At a glance: The evolution of health and safety in Korea 62
Figure 2.7. At a glance: The evolution of educational attainment and skills in Korea 64
Figure 2.8. At a glance: The evolution of subjective well-being in Korea 66
Figure 2.9. At a glance: The evolution of social connections in Korea 68
Figure 2.10. Satisfaction with personal relationships has increased and loneliness declined 69
Figure 2.11. At a glance: The evolution of civic engagement and social capital in Korea 70
Figure 2.12. Koreans' trust in various public institutions, other people and media according to the OECD Trust Survey 72
Figure 2.13. At a glance: The evolution of environmental quality and natural capital in Korea 74
Figure 3.1. Korea's inclusive well-being: International comparison and evolution since 1996 84
Figure 3.2. From one of the youngest OECD countries to one of the fastest-ageing societies 85
Figure 3.3. Women excel in education: From school to tertiary levels 87
Figure 3.4. Sustained growth in Korean women's employment: On the path towards the OECD average 88
Figure 3.5. Korean women face a growing gender employment gap in their 30s, larger than the OECD average 89
Figure 3.6. Closing only slowly: Korea's gender wage gap in perspective 90
Figure 3.7. There are opportunities to strengthen women representation in economic and political leadership in Korea 91
Figure 3.8. Counterbalancing the gender imbalance in paid-unpaid work allocation can unlock full and equal women's labour market engagement 92
Figure 3.9. Gender role expectations in Korea continue to sustain the conventional model of men providers - women primary caregivers 93
Figure 3.10. The gender homicide gap is very narrow in Korea, due in large part to low male homicide rates 94
Figure 3.11. Intimate partner violence: A pressing concern 95
Figure 3.12. Suicide rates have been persistently high among both men and women in Korea despite reductions in recent years 98
Figure 3.13. Negative affect balance - the experience of more negative than positive emotional states in a given day - is particularly high and... 99
Figure 3.14. Korean women are more likely than men to report feeling stressed in daily life 99
Figure 3.15. Opportunities to bridge gender gaps in social support, tackling higher women loneliness and men lower perceived emotional support 100
Figure 3.16. Further attention may be needed to understand and address possible emerging gender gaps in trust in government and political efficacy 101
Figure 3.17. Safeguarding Korea's declining child poverty is essential to sustaining gains in child well-being 102
Figure 3.18. There is clear potential to improve weekday leisure time satisfaction for Korean youth aged 15-19 and adults aged 30-39 103
Figure 3.19. Low satisfaction with life and appearance among Korean children signal opportunities to further enhance child well-being 104
Figure 3.20. Addressing high inactivity among tertiary-educated 25-34 year-olds in Korea presents an opportunity for inclusive labour market... 106
Figure 3.21. There is scope to enhance financial stability for young Koreans amid trends of falling incomes and rising debt 107
Figure 3.22. Social connections are relatively strong among young Koreans, yet youth loneliness is growing 108
Figure 3.23. Perceived political efficacy has declined across all age groups since 2021 in Korea, though the drop has been less pronounced... 109
Figure 3.24. Counteracting increasing worry among young adults, especially young women, can enhance Korea's subjective well-being 110
Figure 3.25. Employment rates among older Koreans aged 55-64 years have consistently exceeded the OECD average since 1996 112
Figure 3.26. Strengthening efforts to reduce older adults' high income poverty can secure stronger economic well-being in Korea's ageing society 113
Figure 3.27. Perceived social support declines at a much sharper rate by age for Koreans, and especially Korean men, than the OECD average 114
Figure 3.28. Loneliness has declined over time for all age groups, but less markedly for those aged over 60, widening the loneliness gap between... 115
Figure 3.29. Older Korean women are more likely to experience physical pain than same-aged OECD peers 116
Figure 3.30. Self-reported stress has declined since 2008, but older Korean women have seen less substantial reductions in stress than men... 116
Figure 3.31. Suicide risk increases with age in Korea 117
Figure 3.32. Korean men have higher levels of trust in government than women in young adulthood and old age but not in middle age,... 118
Figure 4.1. Conceptual framework of child and youth participation underpinning the Irish National Strategy 2015-2020 138
Figure 4.2. The OECD GBV Governance Framework: A three-pillar approach 179
Boxes 8
Box 1.1. Quality of Life Indicators in Korea (KQoL) 20
Box 1.2. Examples of the use of well-being evidence to inform budgeting and resource allocation approaches 22
Box 1.3. The OECD Knowledge Exchange Platform on Well-being Metrics and Policy Practice (KEP) 25
Box 2.1. Koreans' perceptions of and trust in public institutions from the OECD Trust Survey 71
Box 3.1. Korea's rapid demographic transition 84
Box 3.2. Korean Gender Equality Index (KGEI) 86
Box 3.3. Korea's #MeToo movement and rising public and political awareness of gender-based violence 95
Box 4.1. International good practice examples: Integrating mental health and social connectedness in job-seeking support for young adults 135
Box 4.2. International good practice examples: Ireland and Slovenia's Youth Participation Strategies 137
Box 4.3. International good practice example: Sweden's Local Follow-up of Youth Policy (LUPP) Survey 140
Box 4.4. A comprehensive anti-loneliness strategy in Seoul 143
Box 4.5. International good practice examples: Improving access to mental healthcare support and implementing effective suicide prevention... 148
Box 4.6. International good practice examples: Mental health stigma reduction programmes in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands and worldwide 151
Box 4.7. International good practice example: The Japanese Government's integrated policy approach to tackle loneliness and social isolation 152
Box 4.8. The role of social infrastructure for promoting social connectedness and broader well-being outcomes 154
Box 4.9. International good practice examples: School-based interventions to promote good mental health and social relationships for children... 155
Box 4.10. International good practice examples: Ireland's Digital Strategy for Schools 158
Box 4.11. Supporting cross-sector "win-win" policies through co-ordinated mental health promotion strategies 159
Box 4.12. International good practice examples: Encouraging and supporting employers to strengthen mental health in the workplace 160
Box 4.13. International good practices: Boosting older people's mental health and social connectedness 162
Box 4.14. Gender discrimination in the workplace and efforts to strengthen the implementation of gender equality policies in Korea 168
Box 4.15. International good practice example: Italy's efforts to co-produce data on violence against women with civil society 170
Box 4.16. International good practice example: Canada's Gender-Based Plus impact assessment methodology and government efforts... 171
Box 4.17. International good practice examples: Overcoming gender stereotypes in career choices for young people 173
Box 4.18. International good practices: School-based interventions to combat sexual harassment, gender-based violence and harmful masculinity 174
Box 4.19. International good practice: Government and business initiatives to support women's participation in management and leadership ... 177
Box 4.20. Integrated and victim-centred sexual assault treatment and response in Korea 180
Box 4.21. International good practice: Regulating technology platforms to protect children and prevent digital gender-based violence at all ages... 181
Box 4.22. International good practice examples: Engaging men and boys to be part of the solution for gender equality 184
Figure A A.1. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Current well-being (part 1) 205
Figure A A.2. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Current well-being (part 2) 206
Figure A A.3. Korean well-being data availability in OECD databases: Resources for future well-being 207
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