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Title page 1
Contents 5
Foreword by WIPO 9
Foreword by the Supreme Court of Nigeria 10
Acknowledgments 12
Abbreviations and acronyms 13
Chapter 1. Preliminary matters 14
1.1. Introduction 14
1.2. Sources of law 14
1.2.1. International legal framework 14
1.2.2. Regional legal framework 15
1.2.3. National legal framework 15
1.3. Administrative bodies 16
1.3.1. Trademarks, Patents and Designs Registry 16
1.3.2. Nigerian Copyright Commission 17
1.4. Judicial system 18
1.4.1. Federal High Court 18
1.4.2. Court of Appeal 18
1.4.3. Supreme Court 19
Chapter 2. Intellectual property rights in Nigeria 21
2.1. Introduction 21
2.2. Trademarks 21
2.2.1. What is a trademark in Nigeria? 21
2.2.2. Sources of law 22
2.2.3. Requirements for a valid trademark 22
2.2.3.1. Registrability requirements 22
2.2.3.2. Distinctiveness requirement 23
2.2.3.3. Excluded subject matter 23
2.2.3.4. Defensive and associated trademarks 24
2.2.4. Obtaining trademark protection 25
2.2.4.1. Registration of a trademark 25
2.2.4.2. Refusal of registration 26
2.2.4.3. Defending unregistered trademarks 26
2.2.5. Rights conferred 26
2.2.5.1. Ownership 26
2.2.5.2. Assignment and transfer 27
2.2.5.3. Limitations and exceptions 27
2.2.5.4. Duration 27
2.2.6. Challenges to the validity of a trademark 27
2.2.7. Establishing trademark infringement 28
2.3. Patents 29
2.3.1. What is a patent in Nigeria? 29
2.3.2. Sources of law 29
2.3.3. Requirements for a valid patent 29
2.3.3.1. Patentability requirements 29
2.3.3.2. Excluded subject matter 30
2.3.4. Obtaining patent protection 30
2.3.4.1. Eligible applicants 30
2.3.4.2. Procedural requirements 31
2.3.4.3. Grant of patent 32
2.3.5. Rights conferred 32
2.3.5.1. Exclusive rights 32
2.3.5.2. Assignment and transfer 33
2.3.5.3. Limitation, exhaustion and prior use 33
2.3.5.4. Duration 33
2.3.6. Challenges to the validity of a patent 33
2.3.7. Establishing patent infringement 34
2.4. Copyright and related rights 35
2.4.1. What are copyright and related rights in Nigeria? 35
2.4.2. Sources of law 35
2.4.3. Requirements for valid copyright and related rights 35
2.4.3.1. Originality and fixed form requirements 35
2.4.3.2. Excluded subject matter 36
2.4.4. Obtaining copyright and related rights protection 36
2.4.5. Rights conferred 36
2.4.5.1. Economic and moral rights 36
2.4.5.2. Ownership 36
2.4.5.3. Limitations and exceptions 37
2.4.5.4. Assignment and transfer 38
2.4.5.5. Duration 38
2.4.6. Challenges to the validity of copyright 38
2.4.7. Establishing copyright infringement 39
Chapter 3. Provisional measures in infringement proceedings 40
3.1. Introduction 40
3.2. Sources of law 40
3.3. Provisional measures in civil proceedings 40
3.3.1. Injunctions 41
3.3.1.1. Interlocutory injunctions 41
3.3.1.2. Interim injunctions 42
3.3.1.3. Mandatory injunctions 43
3.3.2. Orders of the Court 43
3.3.2.1. Search and seizure orders 44
3.3.2.2. Freezing orders 45
3.3.2.3. Order to identify infringer of online content 46
3.4. Provisional measures in criminal proceedings 47
3.4.1. Search and seizure orders 47
Chapter 4. Civil infringement proceedings 52
4.1. Introduction 52
4.2. Sources of law 52
4.3. Standing 53
4.3.1. Trademarks 54
4.3.2. Patents 54
4.3.3. Copyright and related rights 54
4.4. Pleadings 55
4.4.1. Writ of summons and statement of claim 55
4.4.2. Statement of defense and counterclaim 56
4.4.3. Matters to be pleaded 56
4.4.4. Pleadings in defense of or counterclaim to allegations of trademark or patent infringement 58
4.4.5. Close of pleadings 58
4.5. Pretrial process 58
4.5.1. First hearing after service 58
4.5.2. Case management or pretrial conferences 59
4.5.3. Hearing of summons in a patent infringement action 60
4.5.4. Interlocutory applications 60
4.5.4.1. Power to amend 61
4.5.4.2. Enlargement of time 61
4.5.4.3. Addition of witnesses 61
4.5.5. Determining timelines 61
4.5.6. Summary judgment, judgment by default and disposal of points of law 62
4.6. Discovery, production of documents and admissions 62
4.6.1. Discovery and production of documents 62
4.6.2. Admissions 63
4.7. Alternative dispute resolution 63
4.8. Trial 63
4.8.1. Evidence 66
4.8.1.1. Restriction on evidence in patent proceedings 68
4.8.1.2. Documentary evidence 68
4.8.1.3. Real evidence 71
4.8.1.4. Expert evidence 71
4.8.1.5. Dealing with witnesses 72
4.8.2. Establishing liability 72
4.8.2.1. Trademarks 72
4.8.2.2. Patents 73
4.8.2.3. Copyright and related rights 73
4.8.3. Defenses 73
4.8.3.1. Trademarks 73
4.8.3.2. Patents 74
4.8.3.3. Copyright and related rights 74
4.8.4. Remedies 74
4.8.4.1. Trademarks 74
4.8.4.2. Patents 75
4.8.4.3. Copyright and related rights 75
4.9. Judgment and appeal 75
4.9.1. Delivering judgment 75
4.9.2. Appeal 75
Chapter 5. Criminal infringement proceedings 77
5.1. Introduction 77
5.2. Sources of law 77
5.3. Establishing criminal infringement 78
5.3.1. Offenses 78
5.3.1.1. Act of infringement 78
5.3.1.2. Willful act 80
5.3.1.3. Commercial scale 81
5.3.2. Defenses 81
5.3.2.1. Trademarks 81
5.3.2.2. Patents 82
5.3.2.3. Copyright and related rights 82
5.4. Trial 82
5.4.1. Commencement of criminal proceedings 82
5.4.2. Arraignment and bail 83
5.4.3. Course of trial proceedings 84
5.4.4. Evidence 85
5.4.5. Criminal sanctions 86
5.5. Judgment and appeal 87
5.5.1. Delivering judgment 87
5.5.2. Appeal 87
References 88
Figure 1.1. Judicial administration structure for IP disputes 20
Figure 3.1. Illustration of a provisional measure order 48
Figure 4.1. Procedure at a case management meeting 59
Figure 4.2. Trial procedure in a civil IP infringement case 65
Figure 5.1. Trial procedure in a criminal IP infringement case 84
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