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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive summary 9

1. Investing in NCD prevention is investing in social and economic prosperity 12

In Brief 13

NCDs reduce quality of life, productivity and economic growth 19

Identifying policy priorities allows resources to be directed effectively for maximum impact 22

Successful NCD strategies are based on three interconnected pillars 29

References 35

Notes 37

2. The growing NCD burden will escalate unless decisive action is taken 38

In Brief 39

Decades of effort have not yet turned the tide on NCDs 40

While some risk factors have improved, the health benefits are undermined by rising obesity levels 41

Improvements in care mean people live longer with chronic conditions, increasing the burden on the health system 46

Population ageing will continue to increase the NCD burden and associated healthcare cost 49

References 52

Annex 2.A. EU results 53

Annex 2.B. G20 results 55

3. NCDs reduce quality of life, productivity and economic growth 56

In Brief 57

NCDs reduce quality of life, cause depression and early death 58

NCDs increase health spending, reduce workforce productivity, and weaken economic growth 60

References 64

4. Focusing on key priorities maximises impact on health and the economy 65

In Brief 66

Addressing NCD risk factors can yield notable health and economic gains 68

Tackling obesity offers the greatest opportunity to reduce the NCD burden in the OECD and EU 70

Prevention delivers larger health and economic benefits than cure 72

All countries can achieve big results by focussing on one or two key priorities 76

Societal co-benefits further strengthen the case for action on NCD risk factors 78

References 80

Annex 4.A. EU results 81

Annex 4.B. G20 results 83

Annex 4.C. Country-level results 85

5. Effective NCD action requires an integrated approach across individuals, environments, and health systems 90

In Brief 91

Empowering individuals through information and education 93

Creating environments that support healthier choices 95

Building responsive health systems 99

References 106

Annex A. Comparing OECD and WHO data on risk factors 109

References 111

Annex B. The OECD SPHeP NCDs model 112

References 114

Tables 8

Table 2.1. While some NCD risk factors have improved, others have significantly worsened 42

Table 4.1. Reducing key NCD risk factors is an economic priority in all countries 74

Figures 7

Figure 1.1. In the OECD, progress on air pollution, smoking, harmful alcohol use and physical inactivity is outweighed by rising obesity prevalence 15

Figure 1.2. Improvements in care have reduced the fatality of heart attacks and stroke 17

Figure 1.3. People with multiple NCDs are much more likely to take five or more medications 18

Figure 1.4. Population ageing is expected to increase the number of new NCDs in the OECD, EU and G20 by more than 30% over the next 25 years 19

Figure 1.5. The four NCDs covered in the analyses will account for around 4 in 10 premature deaths over the next 25 years 20

Figure 1.6. The annual GDP of OECD, EU and G20 countries will be nearly 4% lower due to NCDs, on average over 2026-2050 22

Figure 1.7. Schematic overview of the Top Quartile scenario 23

Figure 1.8. Tackling obesity accounts for more than half of the potential impact of actions on risk factors 24

Figure 1.9. The potential health and economic gains from lower risk factor prevalence are greater than from improved survival 25

Figure 1.10. Tackling the top three priorities in terms of reducing risk factors or improving NCDs survival rates for each country delivers... 27

Figure 1.11. Three core policy considerations for NCD strategies 29

Figure 1.12. Health information, motivation and behavioural skills can be delivered across different channels 30

Figure 1.13. Information and environmental policies for healthier lifestyles are an excellent investment 31

Figure 1.14. There is considerable scope to increase lifestyle counselling in primary care 33

Figure 1.15. There is still some way to go in creating people-centred health systems for NCDs 34

Figure 2.1. The prevalence of NCDs has continued to grow over the past three decades 41

Figure 2.2. In the OECD, progress on air pollution, smoking, harmful alcohol consumption and physical activity is outweighed by rising obesity levels 44

Figure 2.3. Rising obesity prevalence is driving up the number of NCDs in the majority of countries 45

Figure 2.4. Improvements in care have reduced the fatality of heart attacks and stroke 46

Figure 2.5. People with multiple NCDs are much more likely to take five or more medications 48

Figure 2.6. People with multiple NCDs are less confident in their ability to manage their health and well-being 49

Figure 2.7. Population ageing is expected to increase the number of new NCDs in the OECD by more than 30% over the next 25 years 50

Figure 2.8. Healthcare expenditure on NCDs is predicted to increase by more than 50% in the OECD due to population ageing 51

Figure 3.1. The four NCDs covered in the analyses will account for more than 4 in 10 premature deaths in the OECD over the next 25 years 58

Figure 3.2. Men in the OECD are nearly 80% more likely to die prematurely from NCDs than women 59

Figure 3.3. If there were no NCDs, health expenditure would be 41% lower in the OECD 61

Figure 3.4. NCDs reduced the workforce output, primarily by decreasing the number of people in employment 62

Figure 3.5. The average annual GDP of OECD and EU countries will be nearly 4% lower due to NCDs 63

Figure 4.1. Schematic overview of the Top Quartile scenario 68

Figure 4.2. Achieving the Top Quartile risk factor levels would decrease premature mortality by 11.4%, healthcare expenditure by 6.2% and raise... 69

Figure 4.3. Tackling obesity accounts for more than half the potential impact of action on risk factors 70

Figure 4.4. Action on obesity also has the greatest economic impact 71

Figure 4.5. The potential health and economic gains from lower risk factor prevalence are greater than from improved survival 73

Figure 4.6. Tackling the top three priorities in terms of reducing risk factors or improving NCDs survival rates for each country delivers... 77

Figure 4.7. Action on harmful alcohol use could reduce premature mortality from road traffic accidents and interpersonal violence by around 5% 79

Figure 5.1. Three core policy considerations for NCD strategies 92

Figure 5.2. Health information, motivation and behavioural skills can be delivered across different channels 94

Figure 5.3. Information and environmental policies for healthier lifestyles are an excellent investment 98

Figure 5.4. There is considerable scope to increase lifestyle counselling in primary care 100

Figure 5.5. Cancer screening rates vary substantially across countries, showing room for improvement 102

Figure 5.6. There is still some way to go in creating people-centred health systems for NCDs 104

Boxes 14

Box 1.1. What are NCDs? 14

Box 1.2. The OECD model for Strategic Public Health Planning for Non-Communicable Diseases (SPHeP-NCDs) 16

Box 1.3. The challenge of managing multimorbidity 17

Box 1.4. NCDs and depression 21

Box 1.5. Identifying NCD priorities using the Top Quartile scenario 23

Box 1.6. Societal co-benefits further strengthen the case for action on NCDs 28

Box 2.1. What are NCDs? 40

Box 2.2. A note on OECD Health Statistics and the data used in the OECD SPHeP NCDs model 43

Box 2.3. The challenge of managing multimorbidity 48

Box 3.1. Men bear a disproportionately heavy burden of NCDs 59

Box 4.1. Identifying NCD priorities using the Top Quartile scenario 68

Box 5.1. A comprehensive plan to reduce the burden of cardiovascular diseases in the EU 93

Box 5.2. Mois sans tabac in France 95

Box 5.3. Equity and integration: Transforming lives and livelihoods through leadership and action on noncommunicable diseases and the... 96

Box 5.4. The OECD Best Practices in Public Health initiative 96

Box 5.5. Cross-sectoral action to improve air quality 97

Box 5.6. Screening for NCDs in high-risk populations 101

Box 5.7. Medication safety 105

Annex Figures 8

Annex Figure 2.A.1. In the EU, progress on air pollution, smoking, harmful alcohol use and physical inactivity is undermined by rising obesity prevalence 53

Annex Figure 2.A.2. Improvements in care have reduced the fatality of heart attacks and stroke in the EU 54

Annex Figure 2.B.1. In the G20, progress on air pollution, smoking and harmful alcohol consumption is outweighed by rising obesity levels 55

Annex Figure 4.A.1. Tackling obesity accounts for more than half the potential impact of action on risk factors in the EU 81

Annex Figure 4.A.2. The potential economic gains from preventing disease are greater than from improving survival in the EU 82

Annex Figure 4.B.1. Tackling air pollution offers the greatest potential impact of action on risk factors in the G20 83

Annex Figure 4.B.2. The potential economic gains from preventing disease are greater than from improving survival in the G20 84

Annex Figure 4.C.1. Impact of achieving the Top Quartile rates by country 85

Figure A A.1. Data on tobacco smoking prevalence 109

Figure A A.2. Data on alcohol consumption 110

Figure A A.3. Data on obesity 111

Figure A B.1. Schematic overview of the OECD SPHeP-NCDs model 112

Figure A B.2. Schematic overview of scenarios looking at risk factor progress since 2010 113

Figure A B.3. Schematic overview of the Top Quartile scenarios 114

출판사 책소개

알라딘제공
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are reshaping our societies. Heart disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung conditions now affect millions more people than a generation ago, and the trend is still moving in the wrong direction. Today, more people are living longer lives, but often with multiple long-term illnesses.

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