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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 10

Acknowledgments 12

About the Authors 15

Executive Summary 17

Glossary 20

Abbreviations 25

1. Introduction 27

INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS AND REFUGEES IN THE GREAT LAKES REGION 27

RESPONSE SYSTEMS AND SOCIAL PROTECTION FOR FORCIBLY DISPLACED POPULATIONS 30

NOTES 33

REFERENCES 33

2. Conceptual Framework 35

ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK 36

CUSTOMIZATION OF THE ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION FRAMEWORK 38

NOTES 47

REFERENCES 48

3. Displacement and Return Trends: Profile of Refugees, Internally Displaced Persons, Returnees, and Host Communities in the Great Lakes Region 49

RETURN AND REPATRIATION DYNAMICS 54

SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE OF FORCIBLY DISPLACED POPULATIONS 58

KEY VULNERABILITIES DURING DISPLACEMENT, RETURN, AND REINTEGRATION 61

NOTES 67

REFERENCES 68

4. Social Protection Support to Forcibly Displaced Populations and Host Communities 71

BUILDING BLOCK 1: POLICIES AND LEGAL RIGHTS 71

BUILDING BLOCK 2: INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND PARTNERSHIPS 88

BUILDING BLOCK 3: PROGRAMS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS 98

BUILDING BLOCK 4: DATA AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS 108

BUILDING BLOCK 5: FINANCE 113

OVERALL ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL PROTECTION SUPPORT TO FORCIBLY DISPLACED POPULATIONS AND HOST COMMUNITIES 119

NOTES 122

REFERENCES 124

5. Challenges and Opportunities for Social Protection Assistance to Forcibly Displaced Populations and Host Communities 128

CHALLENGES 128

OPPORTUNITIES 131

NOTE 134

REFERENCES 134

6. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations 135

RECOMMENDATIONS 138

NOTES 146

REFERENCES 147

APPENDIX. Social Protection Programs in the Great Lakes Region 148

Tables 9

TABLE 2.1. Application of refugee, IDP, returnee, and host community filters to each building block 40

TABLE 3.1. Forced displacement population per country, 2024 51

TABLE 3.2. Demographic breakdown of refugee populations 58

TABLE 4.1. Freedom-of-movement regulations 77

Figures 7

FIGURE 2.1. How social protection and humanitarian approaches differ: Where the synergies lie 36

FIGURE 2.2. Adaptation of the adaptive social protection building blocks to protracted forced displacement contexts 38

FIGURE 2.3. Coverage of each adjusted building block 39

FIGURE 2.4. Humanitarian-social protection continuum, from no integration and parallel systems to full integration 42

FIGURE 2.5. Potential national provisions for FDPs and host communities 43

FIGURE 3.1. Incidents of conflict and violence and number of refugees, 1997-2023 50

FIGURE 3.2. Settlement breakdown of refugee populations, 2024 54

FIGURE 3.3. Refugee returns 56

FIGURE 3.4. Risks experienced by forcibly displaced populations during displacement 63

FIGURE 3.5. Key vulnerabilities for refugees, IDPs, returnees, and host communities in the GLR 65

FIGURE 4.1. Social protection laws, policies, and strategies 72

FIGURE 4.2. Main legal frameworks for refugee rights 74

FIGURE 4.3. Policies and legal rights progress for refugees 80

FIGURE 4.4. Policies and legal rights progress for IDPs, returnees, and host communities 87

FIGURE 4.5. BB1: Progress toward inclusive social protection systems for FDPs and host communities 88

FIGURE 4.6. Institutional arrangements and partnerships progress for refugees 92

FIGURE 4.7. Institutional arrangements and partnerships progress for IDPs, returnees, and host communities 97

FIGURE 4.8. BB2: Progress toward inclusive social protection systems for FDPs and host communities 98

FIGURE 4.9. Coverage of main cash transfer programs (percentage of national population) 100

FIGURE 4.10. Programs and delivery systems progress for refugees 102

FIGURE 4.11. Programs and delivery systems progress for IDPs, returnees, and host communities 107

FIGURE 4.12. BB3: Progress toward inclusive social protection systems for FDPs and host communities 107

FIGURE 4.13. Data and information systems progress for refugees 110

FIGURE 4.14. Data and information systems progress for IDPs, returnees, and host communities 112

FIGURE 4.15. BB4: Progress toward inclusive social protection systems for FDPs and host communities 112

FIGURE 4.16. Finance progress for refugees 116

FIGURE 4.17. Finance progress for IDPs, returnees, and host communities 119

FIGURE 4.18. BB5: Progress toward inclusive social protection systems for FDPs and host communities 120

FIGURE 4.19. Collective progress in the Great Lakes Region toward the inclusion of FDPs in social protection systems and the provision... 120

FIGURE 6.1. Responses to FDP flows: Barriers to host countries using social protection systems as a primary development response 136

Boxes 7

Box 2.1. Building blocks of the Adaptive Social Protection Framework 37

Box 2.2. The four phases of the humanitarian-social protection continuum 42

Box 4.1. Citizenship eligibility criteria for refugees residing in Great Lakes Region countries 76

Box 4.2. Uganda's refugee policy frameworks and relationship with social protection 79

Box 4.3. Voluntary repatriation and reintegration of Rwandese refugees: Process, support, and safeguards 96

Box 4.4. Window for Host Communities and Refugees strategy notes for Burundi and the Democratic Republic of Congo 116

Box 4.5. Summary of collective Great Lakes Region progress to support forcibly displaced populations and host communities 121

Maps 8

MAP 1.1. Refugee-affected countries in and around the Great Lakes Region 28

MAP 3.1. Snapshot of displacement dynamics, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, June 2025 52

MAP 3.2. Total number of refugees, 2013 and 2024 53

MAP 3.3. Provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo with the highest number of IDPs 57

MAP 4.1. Social protection spending, 2020 (percentage of GDP) 113

Appendix Tables 9

TABLE A.1. Services provided by social protection programs in the Great Lakes Region 149

출판사 책소개

알라딘제공
The Great Lakes Region (GLR) faces some of the world's most complex and protracted forced displacement situations, driven by recurrent conflict and political instability. Refugees, internally displaced persons, returnees, and host communities coexist amid repeated cycles of displacement and return, placing sustained pressure on national systems and local service delivery. As displacement becomes increasingly protracted and humanitarian financing declines, there is growing urgency to identify development oriented responses that can deliver predictable, scalable, and sustainable support. This book examines the role of national social protection systems as a core development response to forced displacement in the GLR, focusing on Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda. It assesses how social protection systems currently support forcibly displaced populations and host communities, using a revised Adaptive Social Protection framework that incorporates displacement specific vulnerabilities. The framework extends beyond traditional system diagnostics to include policies and legal rights, institutional arrangements, programs and delivery systems, data and information systems, and financing. Drawing on country-level analysis and a regional perspective, the book finds that while GLR countries have made important policy and legal commitments, social protection systems remain at an early stage of adapting to displacement. Coverage of forcibly displaced populations is limited, institutional responsibilities are fragmented, data systems often operate in parallel to humanitarian structures, and financing for inclusion relies heavily on external support. Refugees, in particular, face persistent barriers related to legal status, documentation, employment and access to national systems. The book argues that strengthening national social protection systems--while preserving humanitarian assistance for acute needs--offers a viable pathway to enhance resilience, reduce long term dependency, and support social cohesion in protracted displacement settings. It proposes sequenced, pragmatic recommendations to help governments and partners transition toward more inclusive, development led responses, anchored in vulnerability based approaches, strengthened data systems, and coordinated financing. The findings aim to inform policy dialogue and operational design in the GLR and other regions confronting prolonged forced displacement.

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