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Title page 1

Contents 8

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Editorial 7

Abbreviations and acronyms 10

Executive summary 12

1. Bioeconomy is gaining momentum 13

Introduction 14

Bioeconomy aspires to be a new development paradigm 14

Policies targeting bioeconomy are gaining ground 16

Brazil prioritises bioeconomy for sustainable development 19

The G20 has launched an Initiative on Bioeconomy 24

Conclusions 26

References 27

2. Bioeconomy could be a game changer for the Amazon region 30

Introduction 31

The Amazon region in Brazil faces multiple development challenges 31

Sustainability should drive development in the Amazon 37

Conclusions 50

References 50

Notes 55

3. Bioeconomy calls for a knowledge governance that delivers on inclusion and equity 56

Introduction 57

Innovating in the Amazon requires frameworks for equitable benefit sharing 57

Innovating through partnerships should benefit local communities 62

Seven game changers to enable bioeconomy innovation in the Amazon 68

Conclusions 71

References 72

Notes 75

Tables 9

Table 1.1. What does the term "bioeconomy" refer to? 15

Table 1.2. Overview of bioeconomy policies, selected countries 17

Figures 9

Figure 1.1. Brazil has adopted a whole of government approach to bioeconomy policy, 2024 20

Figure 1.2. National public budget allocated to bioeconomy in Brazil, Colombia, India and South Africa 23

Figure 2.1. Access to basic services in the Amazon region in Brazil is lower than the national average 33

Figure 2.2. The Amazon region in Brazil mostly exports mining and soybean-related products 33

Figure 2.3. Regional integration in LAC could boost bioeconomy exports from the Amazon 35

Figure 2.4. The United States and France are the two top foreign investors in the Amazon 36

Figure 2.5. FDI in the Amazon region in Brazil has shifted from metals to renewable energy 37

Figure 2.6. Crops followed by cocoa, açaí, cassava and coffee lead agricultural production in the Amazon region 38

Figure 2.7. The Amazon region in Brazil is starting to diversify production and is developing non-timber forest products (NTFPs) 39

Figure 2.8. 97% of municipalities in the Amazon in Brazil have mobile internet speed below the national average 41

Figure 2.9. Overall biodiversity-related development finance to Amazon countries (2015-2023) 43

Figure 2.10. About 32% of agricultural holdings in the Amazon region in Brazil are below 10 hectares compared to 50% for the national average 46

Figure 2.11. SMEs generate 77% of employment in bioeconomy-related sectors in the Amazon region in Brazil, 2021 49

Figure 3.1. Brazil is among the top 3 countries in publications on bioeconomy in the Amazon 63

Figure 3.2. Brazil holds 0.2% of world biotechnology patents and 37% of LAC ones 64

Figure 3.3. The Amazon region in Brazil is home to only 1.5% of all start-up hubs in bioeconomy-related activities in Latin America and the Caribbean, 2024 65

Boxes 9

Box 1.1. Bioeconomy in practice: What are some activities which different countries define as "bioeconomy"? 15

Box 1.2. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and ecosystem services 18

Box 1.3. The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organisation 22

Box 1.4. Brazil and France's partnership for bioeconomy 22

Box 1.5. G20 High-level Principles on Bioeconomy 24

Box 2.1. How the Amazon region is defined in this report 32

Box 2.2. The Manaus Free Trade Zone for manufacturing production 34

Box 2.3. Biodiversity-related finance channelled to Amazon countries 43

Box 2.4. Programmes for start-up acceleration in bioeconomy: The case of Colombia and Malaysia 47

Box 2.5. Peru fosters exports from small firms in the Amazon 49

Box 3.1. India's Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) 62

Box 3.2. The Inter-American Development Bank Amazonia Forever Program and the Network of Research Institutes in the Amazon 67

Box 3.3. Private sector-led partnerships can foster equitable benefit sharing and innovation in the Amazon 68