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Title page 1

Contents 5

Foreword 4

Abbreviations and acronyms 8

Executive Summary 9

1. Key insights on the evolving climate alignment of finance 10

References 24

2. Policies 25

2.1. Financial sector policies influencing climate alignment 28

2.1.1. Climate-related transparency policies 31

2.1.2. Climate-related prudential policies 43

2.1.3. Climate-related monetary policies 53

2.2. Overview of real-economy policies influencing climate alignment in finance 57

References 61

3. Tracking 72

3.1. Estimates of real-economy investments 75

3.1.1. Global and regional investment trends 75

3.1.2. Role and trends of greenfield foreign direct investment 78

3.2. Estimates across financial asset classes 80

3.2.1. Listed corporate equity 82

3.2.2. Corporate bonds and syndicated loans 84

3.2.3. Sovereign bonds 90

3.2.4. Private markets 93

3.3. Estimates for different categories of investors and financial institutions 94

3.3.1. Banks 95

3.3.2. Institutional investors 96

3.4. Insights at the level of financial jurisdictions 97

3.4.1. Country-level results for selected asset classes 98

3.4.2. Looking ahead 100

References 102

4. Metrics 105

4.1. Climate transition metrics for financial institutions 108

4.2. Climate transition metrics for listed non-financial companies 113

4.3. Emerging approaches to assess the climate performance of private equity 116

4.4. Integrating adaptation in corporate transition plans 117

4.5. Developments for credible climate assessments of bonds 119

4.6. Innovative solutions to fill data gaps 121

References 124

Tables 5

Table 2.1. Summary of literature on potential effects of climate-related prudential policies 46

Table 2.2. Summary of literature on potential effect of climate-related monetary policies 55

Figures 5

Figure 1.1. Selected actions for policymakers to influence the climate alignment of finance 12

Figure 1.2. Climate-related financial sector policies adopted globally, 2000-25 13

Figure 1.3. Climate-related financial sector policy mixes across regions, 2000-25 14

Figure 1.4. Evolution of climate-(mis)alignment across layers of finance, 2022-25 17

Figure 1.5. Overview of climate-(mis)alignment estimates across asset classes in 2025 18

Figure 1.6. Regional issuance of corporate bonds and syndicated loans by label and sector, 2021-25 average 19

Figure 1.7. Climate mitigation information points and metrics proposed by voluntary frameworks 21

Figure 2.1. Public policies that may influence climate alignment of finance 27

Figure 2.2. Climate-related financial sector policies adopted globally by policy area, 2000-25 29

Figure 2.3. Climate-related financial sector policies adopted globally by policymaker, 2000-25 29

Figure 2.4. Climate-related financial sector policies adopted by policy area and geography, 2000-25 30

Figure 2.5. National climate-related financial sector policies adopted across countries, 2000-25 30

Figure 2.6. Climate-related transparency policies adopted globally by policy measure, 2000-25 32

Figure 2.7. Climate-related transparency policies adopted globally by policymaker, 2000-25 32

Figure 2.8. Climate-related transparency policies adopted by policy area and geography, 2000-25 33

Figure 2.9. National climate-related transparency policies adopted across countries, 2000-25 33

Figure 2.10. Climate-related disclosure policies adopted globally by bindingness and actor, 2000-25 36

Figure 2.11. National climate-related disclosure policies adopted across countries, 2000-25 38

Figure 2.12. National climate-related taxonomies adopted across countries, 2000-25 40

Figure 2.13. National climate-related bond framework adopted across countries, 2000-25 42

Figure 2.14. Climate-related prudential policies adopted globally by type and policymaker, 2000-25 44

Figure 2.15. Climate-related prudential policies adopted by policy area and geography, 2000-25 45

Figure 2.16. National climate-related prudential policies adopted across countries, 2000-25 45

Figure 2.17. National climate stress tests and scenario analysis adopted across countries, 2000-25 50

Figure 2.18. Climate-related monetary policies adopted across countries, 2000-25 54

Figure 2.19. Climate mitigation policies in OECD, G20 and OECD accession countries 58

Figure 2.20. Climate mitigation policy mix by group and by sector as of 2024 for 38 countries 59

Figure 3.1. Different layers of finance for tracking climate alignment 74

Figure 3.2. Global estimates of the low-carbon and fossil fuel real-economy investments, 2015-25 76

Figure 3.3. Low-carbon and fossil fuel investments by private and public actors, 2015-24 76

Figure 3.4. Investments in fossil fuel and clean energy across regions in 2016-2020 and 2021-2025 77

Figure 3.5. Distribution of GFCF in European OECD countries across climate-relevant sectors 78

Figure 3.6. Global greenfield FDI in renewable and fossil energy compared to total, 2015-25 79

Figure 3.7. Greenfield FDI in renewable and fossil energy by region in 2016-2020 and 2021-2025 80

Figure 3.8. Overview of climate-(mis)alignment estimates across asset classes in 2025 81

Figure 3.9. Evolution of climate alignment of finance across financial asset classes, 2022-25 81

Figure 3.10. Global market capitalisation of listed equity in low- and high-GHG sectors, 2020-25 83

Figure 3.11. Regional distribution of listed equities in low- and high-GHG sectors, 2021-25 average 84

Figure 3.12. Global amount outstanding of corporate bonds by green label and sectors, 2016-25 85

Figure 3.13. Global issuance of corporate bonds by green label and sectors, 2016-25 86

Figure 3.14. Regional distribution of corporate bond issuance by label and sector, 2021-25 average 87

Figure 3.15. Global outstanding amount of syndicated loans by green label and sectors, 2016-25 88

Figure 3.16. Global issuance of syndicated loans by green label and sectors, 2016-25 89

Figure 3.17. Regional issuance of syndicated loans by green label and sectors, 2021-25 average 90

Figure 3.18. Global outstanding amount of sovereign bonds by green label and sectors, 2016-2025 91

Figure 3.19. Global issuance of official sector bonds, 2016-2025 92

Figure 3.20. Regional issuance of corporate loans by green label and sectors, 2021-25 average 92

Figure 3.21. Private market funds' holdings in fossil fuel and low-carbon energy supply, 2015-24 94

Figure 3.22. Estimates of banks financing fossil fuels and green projects 96

Figure 3.23. Global fund-enabled capex by fund asset class focus 97

Figure 3.24. Listed equity in low- and high-GHG and climate-relevant sectors for selected countries, 2020-25 98

Figure 3.25. Estimates of corporate bond issuance in Colombia 99

Figure 3.26. Estimates of low- and high-carbon portfolio shares in Austria 100

Figure 4.1. Scope and aspects of finance covered in climate-alignment assessments 107

Figure 4.2. Target setting and engagement by financial institutions, 2019-2024 108

Figure 4.3. Climate mitigation information points and metrics proposed by voluntary frameworks 109

Figure 4.4. Financial sector segmentation to assess climate risks and opportunities 110

Figure 4.5. Characteristics of climate mitigation performance metrics proposed by frameworks 114

Figure 4.6. Climate transition metric data availability across listed equities globally 115

Figure 4.7. NGFS maturity model for adaptation metrics 118

Figure 4.8. Climate adaptation information points and metrics 119

Boxes 7

Box 2.1. Typology of public policies influencing the climate alignment of finance 27

Box 2.2. Changes in existing or planned climate-related transparency policies 35

Box 3.1. Analytical dimensions to track the climate alignment of finance 74

Box 4.1. Analytical dimensions of assessing climate alignment of finance 107

Box 4.2. Good practices in climate-alignment assessments of financial flows and stocks 112

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