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Title page 1

Contents 5

Foreword 4

Executive summary 7

1. Responsible scale of AI in health 10

Rationale for formalising an approach at the intersection of AI and health 11

References 13

Notes 14

2. AI in Health Policy Checklist 15

Advancing an AI in Health Policy Checklist 15

Four thematic pillars of an AI in Health Policy Checklist 16

AI in Health Policy Checklist 17

Using the AI in Health Policy Checklist 27

References 29

3. Current state of implementation of AI in health across OECD Members 33

Review of progress toward the responsible scale of AI in health 33

Priorities for the responsible scale of AI in health 49

References 51

4. Scaling fast while doing no harm 59

Annex A. Members of the OECD AI in Health Experts Group 61

Tables 5

Table 2.1. Policy checklist to support responsible scale and scale of AI in health 28

Table 3.1. Components of national AI in health strategy/action plans 35

Table 3.2. Guardrails to establish agreed objectives for AI in health 36

Table 3.3. Leading practices to enable better use of health data 39

Table 3.4. Practices enabling the use of AI 42

Table 3.5. Enabling capacity and capability of health workforce 45

Table 3.6. Components of national AI capacity building in health across OECD countries 46

Table 3.7. State of AI in health oversight 47

Table 3.8. State of public engagement for AI in health 48

Table 3.9. Readiness for the responsible scale of AI in health by policy action 50

Table 4.1. Readiness for the responsible scale of AI in health by select policy areas 59

Figures 5

Figure 2.1. Policy checklist to support responsible scale and scale of AI in health 16