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https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/digital-connectivity-review-of-colombia_bff5d25a-en.html
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Title page 1
Contents 5
Foreword 4
Abbreviations and acronyms 8
Executive summary 12
1. Overview: Main findings and policy guidance to strengthen digital connectivity in Colombia 15
1.1. Overview 16
1.2. Key findings of connectivity in an evolving digital environment in Colombia 17
1.3. Regulatory developments and institutional evolution in Colombia's communication sector 20
1.3.1. Key developments 21
1.3.2. Key challenges 24
1.4. Policy and regulatory orientations 26
1.4.1. Broad policy orientations to promote affordable and high-quality connectivity for all 26
1.4.2. Policy considerations on how to adapt Colombia's institutional framework to over the-top services 27
1.4.3. Digital connectivity: An opportunity to harness Colombia's economic and social development 31
References 34
Notes 36
2. Developments in Colombia's communication markets 37
2.1. The state of digital connectivity in Colombia 38
2.1.1. Broadband availability 40
2.1.2. Broadband quality 43
2.1.3. Broadband affordability 46
2.1.4. Spatial connectivity divides 49
2.2. Market structure and competitive dynamics in communication markets 54
2.2.1. Fixed broadband market structure 56
2.2.2. Mobile broadband market structure 59
2.2.3. Financial indicators of the Colombian communication sector 65
2.3. The OTT ecosystem and its impact on Colombia's communication market 73
2.3.1. OTT market players in Colombia 73
2.3.2. The impact of OTT players on Colombia's communication markets 74
References 76
Notes 81
3. Regulatory structures in Colombia in an evolving connectivity environment 82
3.1. Overview of the institutional and regulatory framework in Colombia 83
3.1.1. Institutional setting of Colombia's communication sector 83
3.1.2. Regulatory changes affecting the sector with the 2019 ICT Modernisation Law 86
3.2. Recent regulatory developments in a convergent environment 89
3.2.1. Towards a convergent regulator 89
3.2.2. Pro-competitive ex ante regulation 95
3.2.3. Spectrum management 108
3.2.4. Regulation aimed at facilitating infrastructure deployment 113
3.2.5. Universal service funding: The Unified ICT Fund (FUTIC) 115
3.2.6. Measures for a stable and predictable regulatory framework 123
References 127
Notes 133
Annex 3.A. Regulatory structures in Colombia 134
4. Looking forward: Facing the challenges of the digital transformation in an evolving connectivity ecosystem 136
4.1. Convergence is changing the playing field: Experience across OECD Member countries 137
4.2. Over-the-top service provision and implications for communication policy and regulation 138
4.2.1. Conceptualising communication services and their modes of provision 138
4.2.2. Regulatory domains relevant to OTT services 140
4.3. OECD Member countries experience adapting to the prevalence of OTT services 141
4.3.1. Service provision 141
4.3.2. Competition policy 145
4.3.3. IP interconnection and shared network use 146
4.3.4. Network neutrality (Open Internet principles) 148
4.3.5. Universal service funds 150
4.3.6. Dispute resolution mechanisms 150
References 151
Notes 154
Figure 2.1. Fixed broadband in Colombia has improved, but still lags behind 38
Figure 2.2. Total mobile broadband in Colombia grew significantly over the last decade, but 5G adoption trails OECD averages 39
Figure 2.3. Fibre subscriptions surged in Colombia over the past decade 40
Figure 2.4. Fixed broadband penetration by technology, in OECD-LATAM countries and Brazil, 2024 41
Figure 2.5. Mobile broadband subscriptions in Colombia grew 179% over the past decade; however, 5G rollout only began in 2024 42
Figure 2.6. Mobile broadband penetration by technology, in OECD-LATAM countries and Brazil 43
Figure 2.7. Colombia's average peak fixed broadband download speeds outperform the OECD-LATAM average 44
Figure 2.8. Colombia's average peak mobile download speeds lag behind OECD-LATAM countries 45
Figure 2.9. Colombia's 5G rollout delivered noticeable improvements in mobile broadband download speeds 46
Figure 2.10. Fixed broadband prices in Colombia have fallen to be on par with OECD averages 47
Figure 2.11. Prices of triple-play bundled services (medium-high usage) in Colombia fell by half over 2020-2025 48
Figure 2.12. Colombian mobile broadband prices were lower than OECD averages of the different usage baskets in Q2 2025 49
Figure 2.13. Colombia's fixed speeds increased more than tenfold across all regions in five years, but the gap between regions grew wider 50
Figure 2.14. Colombia's mobile download speeds remained stable across regions over 2019-2023, while a 2024 surge in metropolitan areas... 52
Figure 2.15. Territorial distribution of fixed and mobile download speeds in Colombia 53
Figure 2.16. The consistent quality of mobile networks in Colombia in 2025 lags behind the OECD-LATAM average and Latin American... 54
Figure 2.17. The fixed broadband competitive landscape has remained relatively stable over the past seven years 57
Figure 2.18. Mobile broadband market shares in Colombia 60
Figure 2.19. Colombia's communication sector revenues decreased over 2015-2023 66
Figure 2.20. Revenues per operator, 2015-2023 67
Figure 2.21. EBITDA margin per operator 68
Figure 2.22. Investment in the communication sector, 2015-2023 68
Figure 2.23. Claro has led market investment since 2019 in Colombia 69
Figure 2.24. Colombia's mobile ARPUs have been the lowest of the OECD for the last decade 70
Figure 2.25. EBITDA margins in OECD Member countries 71
Figure 2.26. Mobile market revenues and Capex-to-revenue in Colombia 72
Figure 2.27. Capex-to-revenue ratio for mobile operators in OECD Member countries 72
Figure 3.1. Annual national automatic roaming revenues received by visited network providers (PRV), 2014-2024 101
Figure 3.2. Annual national automatic roaming charges paid by originating network operators (PRO), 2014-2024 101
Figure 3.3. Annual mobile broadband retail average revenues per IP traffic volume (MB), NAR average costs per MB and regulated tariff caps,... 102
Figure 3.4. FUTIC revenues hold steady as spectrum payments offset operators' revenue decline 116
Figure 3.5. FUTIC expenditures are split between investment and transfers to other public bodies 117
Figure 3.6. FUTIC transfers were mainly channelled to the national budget and public TV broadcaster 118
Figure 4.1. Communication services and their provision model: Network-integrated vs. over-the-top connectivity service 138
Boxes 7
Box 1.1. Colombia's communication sector at a turning point 20
Box 1.2. Institutional evolution in Colombia's connectivity ecosystem since 2019 and key regulatory challenges 25
Box 1.3. Policy guidance to strengthen digital connectivity in Colombia 32
Box 2.1. The importance of backbone and backhaul access: The role of Colombian wholesale transport networks, Red Azteca and InterNexa 58
Box 2.2. Mobile virtual network operators in Colombia 60
Box 3.1. Pro-competitive wholesale regulation in Spain 107
Box 3.2. CRC's Strategic Plans 2021-2025 and 2025-2029 124
Box 4.1. Internet Protocol (IP) interconnection 147
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