Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Acronyms 9

Executive summary 10

Key findings and recommendations 12

References 22

Notes 23

1. The state of fisheries and aquaculture in Peru 24

1.1. Fish production in Peru is dominated by marine capture fishing 25

1.1.1. Introduction 26

1.1.2. Peru was one of the world's largest marine capture producers in 2022 and would have been the largest among OECD Member countries 27

1.1.3. Aquaculture production volume is growing rapidly 30

1.1.4. Fisheries is an important source of export revenue for Peru 33

1.2. Employment 34

1.2.1. Growing number of fishers and an ageing workforce 34

1.3. Fleet 37

1.4. Inland capture fishing 42

References 44

Notes 46

2. Fisheries governance in Peru 47

2.1. National institutional governance 49

2.1.1. The Ministry of Production and the Vice-Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture lead the formulation of fisheries policy 49

2.1.2. Role of regional governments 50

2.2. Comprehensive legal framework 51

2.2.1. The General Fisheries Law has been updated three times and is complemented by other regulations on fisheries management 52

2.2.2. Fishing permits and rights for marine fisheries 53

2.2.3. Artisanal fishing 53

2.3. Horizontal collaboration across government institutions on fisheries governance in Peru 55

2.3.1. Production and use of scientific data in fisheries policies 56

2.4. Political instability has implications for fisheries governance 58

2.5. Stakeholder participation in policymaking in Peru 59

2.6. Peru's participation in relevant international and regional agreements and bodies concerning fisheries and aquaculture 60

2.6.1. Peru's participation in relevant international agreements 61

References 62

Notes 63

3. Fisheries management in Peru 64

3.1. The status of Peruvian fish stocks 66

3.1.1. Generally Peru's fishing resources are healthy and productive 66

3.1.2. Most stocks are fully exploited, limiting the scope for production growth 67

3.2. The management of anchoveta fisheries in Peru 67

3.2.1. Near real-time monitoring and dynamic spatial temporal closures are used to manage the most important anchoveta stock 68

3.2.2. Total allowable catch limits and individual vessel quotas constrain fishing to sustainable levels and increase the economic efficiency... 69

3.3. The management of other fisheries in Peru 71

3.3.1. Peru implements science-based fisheries management for many of the main commercially exploited fish stocks 71

3.3.2. Regulatory gaps around artisanal fishing could undermine the management of some species 74

3.3.3. Overcapacity and informality in the artisanal fleet is widespread due to limited enforcement and illegal shipyards 74

3.3.4. Inland fisheries 75

References 76

Notes 79

4. Government support to fisheries in Peru 80

4.1. Fisheries support in Peru 82

4.1.1. Total support and support intensity 82

4.1.2. Payments by the sector 84

4.2. Composition of fisheries support in Peru 84

4.2.1. Management, monitoring, control and surveillance 86

4.2.2. Support to fisher income 86

4.2.3. Support to infrastructure 88

4.2.4. Other categories of support 88

4.3. Risk profile of the fisheries support policy mix in Peru 88

References 91

Notes 91

5. Monitoring, control and surveillance and the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Peru 92

5.1. Monitoring, control and surveillance of fisheries in Peru 94

5.1.1. Comprehensive and recently updated legal framework 94

5.1.2. Inter-agency co-operation and integrated monitoring systems underpin monitoring, control and surveillance operations 94

5.1.3. Regional governments - potentially a weak link in the monitoring, control and surveillance system 97

5.2. Registration and authorisation mechanisms for fishing activities in Peru 97

5.2.1. There is long-standing use of electronic systems to manage data across the Peruvian fisheries sector 97

5.2.2. Activities from foreign fleets pose important challenges for the sustainability of resources 98

5.3. The fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in Peru 99

5.3.1. Peru implements the measures specified in the PSMA 99

5.3.2. Market-related measures 100

5.3.3. Sanctioning regime 101

5.3.4. Adherence to the OECD Recommendation of the Council on Eliminating Government Support to Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing 102

5.3.5. Regional and international information sharing and joint activities against IUU fishing 102

References 104

Notes 106

6. Aquaculture policies in Peru 107

6.1. Comprehensive policy framework for regulating aquaculture production in Peru 109

6.1.1. The General Law on Aquaculture sets the comprehensive legal framework 109

6.1.2. PRODUCE is responsible for overseeing aquaculture production 110

6.1.3. Regional governments play an important role in aquaculture development but are hampered by capacity constraints and limited... 110

6.1.4. Monitoring, control and compliance in the aquaculture sector 111

6.2. Licensing and permit system for fisheries in Peru 112

6.2.1. The Single Window for Aquaculture has increased the efficiency of bureaucracy but remains burdensome in some cases 113

6.3. A long-term vision for the sector: Peru's National Aquaculture Policy to 2030 113

6.4. Informality can have an important impact in the future growth of the sector 114

6.5. Benefits of diverse support instruments, including tax incentives 114

6.6. Environmental challenges and the need for a long-term vision and adaptive strategies 116

References 118

Notes 118

Table 1. Landings of main species 2022 12

Table 2. Institutional co-ordination and functions related to the Ministry of Fisheries 14

Table 3. Support to the fisheries sector (annual average over 2020-22) 17

Table 1.1. Landings of the main species in Peru, 2022 27

Table 1.2. Number of aquaculture rights granted in Peru, by category, 2022 32

Table 1.3. Number of artisanal fishers in Peru, 1995-2022 36

Table 1.4. Types of fishing gears reported by vessels in the artisanal fleet in Peru - 2023 38

Table 2.1. Fisheries management regulations per species and region in Peru, mid-2025 52

Table 2.2. Fishing exploitation regime and its categories in Peru 53

Table 2.3. Types of fishing rights in Peru 53

Table 2.4. Artisanal fishers' classification as defined by the Peruvian legislation 54

Table 2.5. Institutional co-ordination and functions related to fisheries governance by institutions other than the Ministry of Production in Peru 56

Table 2.6. Ministers of the Peruvian Ministry of Production from 2019 to 2025 58

Table 2.7. Main regional fisheries management organisations in which Peru participates 60

Table 2.8. Peru's participation in relevant international and regional agreements in the area of fisheries 61

Table 3.1. Classification of the level of exploitation of marine resources and its strategy established by the Ministry of Fisheries in Peru 67

Table 3.2. Biological management strategies reported in selected fishery management regulations in Peru 72

Table 4.1. Support to the fisheries sector (annual average over 2020-2022) 83

Table 5.1. Main institutions involved in monitoring, control and surveillance activities and in the fight against illegal, unreported and unregulated... 95

Table 6.1. Number of aquaculture rights granted in Peru by category, 2022 109

Table 6.2. Institutions and their competences in the context of granting aquaculture rights in Peru 112

Table 6.3. Peru's National Aquaculture Policy 2030: Main goals and priority areas of action 114

Table 6.4. Main support instruments applicable to the aquaculture sector in Peru 115

Boxes 8

Box 1.1. Fishmeal and fish oil production in Peru 30

Box 1.2. High informality in Peru's labour market 37

Box 2.1. Recognition of traditional ancestral and artisanal fishing 54

Box 2.2. The Institute of the Sea of Peru 57

Box 3.1. Bycatch in Peruvian fisheries 73

Box 4.1. The OECD Fisheries Support Estimate database 82

Box 4.2. Financial support for artisanal fishers targeting jumbo flying squid 86

Box 5.1. Foreign vessels and the Jumbo flying squid fishery 99

Box 6.1. Impacts of climate change in the production of trout and scallops 117