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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Abbreviations and key concepts 9

Executive summary 10

Part I. Behavioural public administration in Italy 12

1. Introduction to behavioural public policy and administration 13

Why behavioural public policy? 14

Why behavioural public administration? 15

How to apply behavioural public administration 16

How to read this report 18

References 21

2. BPA to comply with guidelines: a pilot from Italy 23

Why it matters 24

Whom it involves 24

How to motivate compliance with guidelines 25

What was done 27

Behaviourally informed insights 29

References 30

3. BPA to set better organisational objectives: a pilot from Italy 31

Why it matters 32

Whom it involves 32

What was done 33

Behaviourally informed insights 37

References 38

Part II. BPA across the policy cycle 39

4. BPA for policy analysis and design 40

Why it matters 41

Whom it involves 41

How to improve analysis and design 42

Behaviourally informed insights 53

References 54

5. BPA for policy implementation 56

Why it matters 57

Whom it involves 58

How to improve implementation 58

Behaviourally informed insights 62

References 63

6. BPA for monitoring and evaluation 65

Why it matters 66

Whom it involves 66

How to improve monitoring and evaluation 67

Behaviourally informed insights 71

References 72

Part III. BPA across cross-cutting applications 73

7. BPA for people management 74

Why it matters 75

Whom it involves 76

How to improve recruitment 77

How to improve learning and development 82

Behaviourally informed insights 85

References 86

8. BPA for public sector integrity 90

Why it matters 91

Whom it involves 92

How to improve integrity 92

Behaviourally informed insights 96

References 98

9. BPA for administrative processes 100

Why it matters 101

Whom it involves 102

How to remove sludge 102

Behaviourally informed insights 105

References 106

10. Future directions for BPA 107

Artificial intelligence 108

References 111

Glossary 112

Annex A. Practices for behavioural public administration 116

Tables 8

Table 1.1. Behavioural public policy vs behavioural public administration 16

Table 1.2. GRADE strength of evidence framework 20

Table 2.1. Principles and practices for clear communication 27

Table 3.1. Intervention text to improve objective setting 35

Table 3.2. Fictional objectives that participants chose from 35

Table 4.1. Ideologically neutral, fictional study results shown to participants 44

Table 4.2. Ideologically charged, fictional study results shown to participants 44

Table 4.3. Original fictional study results shown to participants 45

Table 4.4. Simplified fictional study results shown to participants 45

Table 4.5. Risk-averse and risk-seeking frames in the World Bank study 52

Table 6.1. LOGIC principles for mainstreaming behavioural public policy 70

Figures 8

Figure 1.1. The global behavioural public policy community 15

Figure 1.2. LOGIC: Good practice principles for mainstreaming behavioural public policy 18

Figure 1.3. A framework to apply behavioural public administration across the policy cycle 19

Figure 4.1. Share of participants who correctly interpreted the results of the fictional study 46

Figure 4.2. Share of participants who recommended the fictional business case be funded 49

Boxes 14

Box 1.1. Primer: What is behavioural public policy 14

Box 1.2. Primer: What is behavioural public administration 16

Box 2.1. Case study: Encouraging civil servants' disability identification in Australia 26

Box 4.1. Case study: Embedding citizen-centred thinking into lawmaking in Germany 43

Box 4.2. Case study: Confirmation seeking in civil servants' analysis in the UK and World Bank 44

Box 4.3. Case study: Mitigating confirmation seeking in civil servants' analysis in Australia 45

Box 4.4. Case study: The messenger effect in how civil servants interpret evidence in Australia 48

Box 4.5. Case study: Embedding behavioural science in policy with a "Capacity to Act test" in the Netherlands 50

Box 4.6. Case study: Framing and civil servants' risk aversion in the UK and World Bank 52

Box 5.1. Case study: Sunk cost thinking among civil servants in the UK and World Bank 61

Box 6.1. Case study: A guide to developing behavioural interventions for field trials in Australia 68

Box 6.2. Primer: The Seven Routes Framework to choose the right research method 69

Box 7.1. Case study: Mitigating noise in public sector workers' performance evaluations in Italy 76

Box 7.2. Case study: Increasing applications to the civil service entrance exam in Greece 77

Box 8.1. Case study: Simplifying public administration to reduce corruption in Romania 93

Box 8.2. Case study: Behavioural interventions increased reporting of corruption risk in Slovakia 95

Box 8.3. Case study: Behavioural reminders increased gift reporting in Mexico 96

Box 9.1. Case study: Streamlining internal digital services through Sludge Audits in Finland 104

Box 10.1. Case study: Using AI to Support Sludge Reduction in People Management in Canada 109

Box 10.2. Case study: A promising toolkit to counter AI misuse in the UK 110

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