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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Abbreviations and acronyms 9

Executive summary 10

1. Context and legal framework 13

1.1. General legal context 14

1.2. Development of competition law 15

1.3. Competition framework 16

1.3.1. Object and application of the law 16

1.3.2. Exemptions 17

1.3.3. Creation of appellate body 18

1.3.4. Regulated sectors 18

1.3.5. Supranational competition frameworks 18

1.4. Analysis 19

References 20

Notes 20

2. Institutional design 22

2.1. Law and practice 23

2.1.1. CAK internal structure 23

2.1.2. Leadership, appointments and dismissals 25

2.1.3. Resources 26

2.2. Analysis 28

2.2.1. CAK internal structure 28

2.2.2. Leadership, appointments and dismissals 29

2.2.3. Resources 29

References 32

Notes 32

3. Competition enforcement process 34

3.1. Law and practice 35

3.1.1. Case prioritisation 35

3.1.2. Case opening 35

3.1.3. Case investigation 37

3.1.4. Decision making process 39

3.1.5. Sanctions 40

3.2. Analysis 42

3.2.1. Case prioritisation 42

3.2.2. Case opening 42

3.2.3. Case investigation 44

3.2.4. Decision making process 46

3.2.5. Sanctions 47

References 51

Notes 53

4. Enforcement against anticompetitive conduct 57

4.1. Horizontal agreements 58

4.1.1. Legal framework - horizontal agreements 58

4.1.2. Legal framework - bid rigging 59

4.1.3. Enforcement practice 59

4.2. Vertical agreements 61

4.2.1. Legal framework 61

4.2.2. Enforcement in practice 61

4.3. Analysis of agreements enforcement 62

4.3.1. Low enforcement levels 62

4.3.2. Sanctions and deterrence 62

4.3.3. Preventing bid rigging 63

4.4. Abuse of dominance 63

4.4.1. Market definition 64

4.4.2. Dominant position 64

4.4.3. Abusive behaviour 65

4.4.4. Enforcement practice 65

4.5. Analysis on abuse of dominance enforcement 67

4.5.1. Market definition 67

4.5.2. Dominant position and abusive behaviour 67

References 68

Notes 69

5. Mergers 72

5.1. Law and practice 73

5.1.1. Notification system 73

5.1.2. Review process and timelines 74

5.1.3. Substantive analysis 76

5.1.4. Sanctions 79

5.1.5. COMESA, EAC and AfCFTA merger control 80

5.2. Analysis 82

5.2.1. Notification system 82

5.2.2. Review process and timelines 84

5.2.3. Substantive analyses 84

5.2.4. Sanctions 86

5.2.5. COMESA, EAC and AfCFTA merger control 86

References 87

Notes 88

6. Advocacy 92

6.1. Law and practice 93

6.1.1. Participation in legislative and regulatory policymaking, including competition assessment 93

6.1.2. Campaigns, events and training 94

6.1.3. Publications and guidance issued by the CAK 95

6.2. Analysis 95

References 96

Notes 96

7. Market Studies 98

7.1. Law and practice 99

7.1.1. Legislative powers to conduct market studies 99

7.1.2. The CAK market study process 99

7.2. Analysis 102

References 102

Notes 103

8. Judicial review 104

8.1. Law and practice 105

8.1.1. Overview of the judicial system 105

8.1.2. Standing to appeal 106

8.1.3. Decisions subject to appeal 106

8.1.4. Appeal process 106

8.1.5. Standard of review 106

8.1.6. Decisional practice 107

8.1.7. Judicial expertise 107

8.2. Analysis 108

Notes 109

9. Private enforcement 110

9.1. Law and practice 111

9.1.1. Standing for private claims 111

9.1.2. Time limits 111

9.1.3. Collective redress (class actions) 111

9.1.4. Access to competition authority information 111

9.1.5. Private enforcement practice 111

9.2. Analysis 112

References 112

Notes 113

10. Co-operation 114

10.1. Domestic co-operation 115

10.1.1. Law and practice 115

10.1.2. Analysis of domestic co-operation 117

10.2. International co-operation 118

10.2.1. Law and practice 118

10.2.2. Analysis on international co-operation 120

References 121

Notes 122

11. Recommendations 123

11.1. Priority recommendations 124

11.1.1. Improving enforcement practices 124

11.1.2. Institutional framework 124

11.1.3. Improving transparency and CAK performance 124

11.1.4. Co-operation 124

11.2. Recommendations for further improvement 125

11.2.1. Improving enforcement practices 125

11.2.2. Institutional framework 125

11.2.3. Co-operation 126

Tables 8

Table 1.1. Exemptions granted by the CAK 17

Table 2.1. Number of total and competition staff at the CAK, 2020-2024 28

Table 4.1. Horizontal agreements (cartels and bid rigging) enforcement in Kenya 59

Table 4.2. Vertical agreements enforcement in Kenya 61

Table 4.3. Abuse of dominance enforcement in Kenya 66

Table 5.1. Number of merger notifications to the CAK, 2020-2024 74

Table 5.2. Merger decisions by the CAK, 2020-2024 78

Table 6.1. CAK's advocacy opinions 93

Table 6.2. Advocacy events organised by the CAK 95

Table 7.1. CAK's market studies 100

Table 8.1. Decisions of the Tribunal and High Court relating to competition enforcement 107

Figures 7

Figure 1.1. Major milestones of the competition law and policy development in Kenya 15

Figure 2.1. CAK's organigram 24

Figure 2.2. CAK's total and competition budget, 2020-2024 27

Figure 2.3. Budget (in 2015 EUR) per GDP 1 million, 2019-2023 30

Figure 2.4. Competition staff per 1 million inhabitants 31

Figure 3.1. Average number of cartel cases in which a dawn raid was carried out, 2019-2023 45

Figure 3.2. Total fines imposed per jurisdiction in cartels by region, in EUR, 2019-2023 48

Figure 5.1. Average number of merger notifications per jurisdiction, 2019-2023 83

Figure 7.1. CAK market study process diagram 100

Boxes 60

Box 4.1. Prominent cartel and bid rigging decision in Kenya 60

Box 4.2. Airtel Kenya Limited v Safaricom Limited (2014) 66

Box 5.1. Remedies in merger cases 78

Box 5.2. Sika AG/Skyscraper Holdco gun-jumping case 80

Box 7.1. CAK market study into Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD) service provision 101

출판사 책소개

알라딘제공
Peer reviews of competition law and policy are a valuable tool to reform and strengthen a country's competition framework. This peer review of Kenya presents the evolution of its competition regime over the last few years and assesses the effectiveness of its current competition law and policy. It provides recommendations to help Kenya strengthen its competition regime and institutions, developed and discussed at the peer review examination carried out during the 2025 Global Forum on Competition.

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