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Title page 1

Contents 8

Preface 4

Foreword 6

Abbreviations and acronyms 13

Executive summary 20

Framework action plans 24

Notes 38

1. Introduction to the Framework's implementation in Thailand 39

About the OECD Framework for industry's net-zero transition 40

Implementation to Thailand's petrochemical industry and plastic value chain 42

Contribution to Thailand's policy objectives 45

References 47

2. Selection of the low-carbon options for the Framework implementation 49

Overview of the petrochemical and plastic value chain 50

Low-carbon options and drivers of the selection 51

Synthesis of the assessments 53

Interplay with measures aiming to curb plastic pollution 56

References 58

Notes 59

3. Economic assessments of the selected low-carbon options 60

Closing the competitiveness gap is a key imperative 61

Economic assessments for option No. 1 (bioethanol to bio-ethylene) 62

Economic assessments for option No. 2 (bio-based and biodegradable plastics) 66

Economic assessments for option No. 3 (CCS) 72

Synthesis across options: How to close the competitiveness gap? 77

References 80

Note 83

4. Financial solutions and enabling conditions for bioplastics 84

Objective and scope of analysis 85

Financial solutions to be prioritised for option No. 1 87

Financial solutions to be prioritised for option No. 2 88

Enabling conditions specific to option No. 1 90

Enabling conditions common to options No. 1 and No. 2 91

Enabling conditions specific to option No. 2 97

References 98

Notes 102

5. Financial solutions and enabling conditions for CCS 103

Objective and scope of analysis 104

Financial solutions to be prioritised for option No. 3 105

Enabling conditions for option No. 3 108

References 118

Note 120

6. Recommendations and conclusions 121

Prerequisite and cross-cutting considerations 122

Recommendations to support the development of bioplastics (options No. 1 and 2) 124

Recommendations applicable to both option No. 1 and 2 127

Recommendations specific to option No. 1 (bioethanol to bio-ethylene) 129

Recommendations specific to option No. 2 (bio-based and biodegradable plastics) 131

Recommendations to support the development of CCS (option No. 3) 132

Conclusions and next steps 136

References 137

Annex A. Key milestones and stakeholder group 138

References 140

Annex B. Country context: Thailand's manufacturing sector and climate ambitions 141

Overview of the manufacturing sector in Thailand 141

National plans and strategies of relevance for industry decarbonisation 148

References 153

Notes 155

Annex C. A deep dive into Thailand's petrochemicals and plastic industries 156

Key features of the petrochemical and plastic value chain 156

Key figures of Thailand's petrochemical and plastic sectors 157

Key national strategies and policies specific to the petrochemical and plastic sectors 164

Industrial players in Thailand and major projects 167

References 171

Notes 174

Annex D. Selected national plans and strategies relevant to Thailand's industry decarbonisation 175

References 179

Annex E. Assessment for the selection of the low-carbon options 180

Notes 185

Annex F. Overview of the production processes of the selected low-carbon options 186

Bio-ethylene 186

Polylactic acid 188

Polybutylene succinate 190

Thermoplastic starch 192

Olefin production through steam cracker 193

References 194

Annex G. Techno-economic model and sensitivity analyses to financial solutions 195

Key features of the techno-economic model 195

Option No. 1 (bioethanol to bio-ethylene): reference case and sensitivity analyses 196

Option No. 2 (PLA, PBS, TPS): reference case and sensitivity analyses 202

Option No. 3 (CCS): reference case and sensitivity analyses 207

References 214

Notes 216

Annex H. Stakeholder survey's results on financial instruments and enabling conditions 217

Annex I. Financial products proposed by domestic banks to support sustainable projects 226

References 234

Annex J. Bans on SUPs in Southeast Asia countries 238

Annex K. Analysis of the coverage of the selected low-carbon options by the Taxonomy 239

References 241

Annex L. Analysis of the key features of a comprehensive CCS legal and regulatory framework 242

References 243

Tables 10

Table 1. Potential of selected instruments to close the competitiveness gap 26

Table 2. Operationalisation of the action plan for options No. 1 and 2 27

Table 3. Operationalisation of the action plan for option No. 3 34

Table 3.1. Summary of instruments tested for option No. 1 64

Table 3.2. Summary of instruments tested for option No. 2 69

Table 3.3. Summary of instruments tested for option No. 3 75

Table 3.4. Synthesis of the potential of selected instruments to close the competitiveness gap 78

Table 4.1. Overview of the financial solutions and enabling conditions to support the development of bioplastics 86

Table 4.2. Examples of mandates for bio-based content in selected countries 95

Table 5.1. Overview of the financial solutions and enabling conditions to support the development of CCS 105

Table 5.2. Examples of government support for CCS projects development - including for T&S infrastructure - in selected countries 111

Table 5.3. Examples of non-petroleum related regulations of relevance for developing CCS activities in Thailand 114

Table 5.4. Government entities involved in CCS development 117

Table 6.1. Summary of the recommendations for bioplastics (options No. 1 and 2) 125

Table 6.2. Summary of the recommendations for CCS (option No. 3) 132

Figures 11

Figure 1.1. Interaction among the key stakeholder groups engaged in the Framework implementation 41

Figure 1.2. Step-by-step approach of the Framework 42

Figure 1.3. The governance of the Framework's implementation in Thailand 44

Figure 2.1. Overview of the conventional petrochemical and plastic value chain 50

Figure 2.2. Low-carbon options for olefins production and plastic value chain 52

Figure 2.3. Assessment of the top 4 low-carbon options 54

Figure 3.1. Analytical framework to inform policy recommendations 61

Figure 3.2. Steps involved in bio-PE production 62

Figure 3.3. Comparison of cradle-to-gate GHG emissions between bio-ethylene and fossil fuel-based ethylene 63

Figure 3.4. LCOP of bio-ethylene compared to conventional ethylene 64

Figure 3.5. Impact of selected financial solutions on the competitiveness gap 65

Figure 3.6. Combination of financial solutions to reduce the competitiveness gap 66

Figure 3.7. Steps involved in PLA, PBS and TPS resin production 67

Figure 3.8. Comparison of cradle-to-gate GHG emissions between PLA, PBS, TPS and PET 67

Figure 3.9. LCOP of PLA, PBS, TPS compared to PET 68

Figure 3.10. Breakdown of LCOP for PLA and TPS 68

Figure 3.11. Impact of selected financial solutions on the competitiveness gap for PLA 70

Figure 3.12. Impact of selected financial solutions on the competitiveness gap for PBS 70

Figure 3.13. Impact of selected financial solutions on the competitiveness gap for TPS 71

Figure 3.14. Combination of financial solutions to reduce the competitiveness gap for PLA 71

Figure 3.15. Combination of financial solutions to reduce the competitiveness gap for PBS 72

Figure 3.16. Combination of financial solutions to reduce the competitiveness gap for TPS 72

Figure 3.17. Steps involved in petrochemicals production 73

Figure 3.18. Illustration of LCOP and breakdown of the competitiveness gap due to the CO₂ capture system 74

Figure 3.19. Impact of selected financial solutions on the competitiveness gap 76

Figure 3.20. Combination of levers and mechanisms to reduce the competitiveness gap 77

Boxes 12

Box 2.1. Climate change and plastics pollution: synergies between two environmental challenges 57

Box 4.1. OECD has been supporting policy development of EPR for several decades 92

Box 5.1. Business models for CCS value chain 110

Box 5.2. Development of Indonesia and Malaysia's CCS legal and regulatory frameworks 115

Annex Tables 11

Table A A.1. Implementation steps and project meetings milestones 138

Table A A.2. Stakeholders represented in the project meetings 138

Table A C.1. BOI investment incentives for petrochemical and plastic products 166

Table A C.2. Major plastic resin manufacturers in Thailand 169

Table A C.3. Bioplastic manufacturers in Thailand 170

Table A D.1. Key features of selected national plans and strategies 176

Table A E.1. Synthesis of the assessment of the low-carbon options across various dimensions 182

Table A G.1. Key assumptions for the economic assessments (reference scenario) - Option No. 1 197

Table A G.2. Key assumptions for the economic assessments (reference scenario) - Option No. 2 202

Table A G.3. Key assumptions for the economic assessments (reference scenario) - Option No. 3 207

Table A I.1. Examples of financial products aimed to support sustainable projects 227

Table A J.1. Bans on SUPs in Southeast Asia 238

Table A K.1. Key criteria of relevant sections of the Taxonomy 239

Table A L.1. Dimensions to be covered for a comprehensive CCS legal and regulatory framework 242

Annex Figures 11

Figure A B.1. GDP contribution by economic sector in Thailand, 2024 142

Figure A B.2. Employment in the Thai economy and manufacturing, 2013-2023 142

Figure A B.3. Gender composition of employment across manufacturing subsectors in Thailand, 2023 143

Figure A B.4. Trade balance in Thailand, 2013-2023 144

Figure A B.5. Trends in foreign direct investment (FDI) in Thailand 144

Figure A B.6. Final consumption in Thailand by economic activity and manufacturing sector, 2023 145

Figure A B.7. Final energy consumption of Thailand's manufacturing sector by energy source, 2000-2023 146

Figure A B.8. Final energy consumption of Thailand's manufacturing sector by energy source in 2023, including non-energy use 146

Figure A B.9. Greenhouse gas emissions by economic activity in Thailand, 2000-2022 147

Figure A B.10. Breakdown of energy-related CO₂ emissions in Thailand, 2000-2024 148

Figure A B.11. Architecture of Thailand's climate related plans and interaction with broader national strategies 150

Figure A C.1. Breakdown of upstream and downstream capacities, 2021 158

Figure A C.2. Production and consumption of selected upstream petrochemical products in Thailand (2020-2023) 158

Figure A C.3. Production and consumption of selected downstream petrochemical products in Thailand (2020-2023) 159

Figure A C.4. Evolution of Thailand's plastics use and structure of the production between 2022 and 2050, Baseline scenario 160

Figure A C.5. Specific Energy Consumption (SEC) of petrochemical products in Thailand 161

Figure A C.6. CO₂ intensity of petrochemical products in Thailand 162

Figure A C.7. Age profile of Thailand's steam crackers for ethylene production 162

Figure A C.8. Classification of plastics based on raw materials and biodegradability dimensions 163

Figure A F.1. Overview of bio-ethylene production from sugarcane 187

Figure A F.2. Overview of PLA production process from sugarcane 189

Figure A F.3. Overview of PBS production process from sugarcane 191

Figure A F.4. Overview of TPS production process from cassava 192

Figure A F.5. Main steps of the thermal steam cracker process 193

Figure A G.1. Overview of the key features and modules of the techno-economic model 196

Figure A G.2. Impact of excise tax and import duties on bioethanol on bio-ethylene LCOP 198

Figure A G.3. Impact of bioethanol price on the competitiveness gap 199

Figure A G.4. Impact of carbon price on the competitiveness gap 199

Figure A G.5. Impact of carbon credits on the competitiveness gap 200

Figure A G.6. Impact of CAPEX grant on the competitiveness gap 201

Figure A G.7. Impact of the WACC on the competitiveness gap 201

Figure A G.8. Impact of different lactic acid prices on the competitiveness gap (PLA) 203

Figure A G.9. Impact of carbon price on the competitiveness gap 203

Figure A G.10. Impact of carbon credits on the competitiveness gap 204

Figure A G.11. Impact of a plastic pollution fee on the competitiveness gap 205

Figure A G.12. Impact of a green premium on the competitiveness gap 205

Figure A G.13. Impact of CAPEX grant on the competitiveness gap 206

Figure A G.14. Impact of the WACC on the competitiveness gap 206

Figure A G.15. Emissions reduction of ethylene production from steam cracker with carbon capture 208

Figure A G.16. Impact of different natural gas prices on the competitiveness gap 209

Figure A G.17. Impact of different electricity prices on the competitiveness gap 209

Figure A G.18. Impact of carbon price on the competitiveness gap 210

Figure A G.19. Impact of carbon incentives on the competitiveness gap 210

Figure A G.20. Impact of a green premium on the competitiveness gap 211

Figure A G.21. Impact of CAPEX grant on the competitiveness gap 212

Figure A G.22. Impact of the WACC on the competitiveness gap 212

Figure A H.1. Breakdown of the type of respondents 217

Figure A H.2. Level of importance of financial and economic instruments in increasing the competitiveness of option No. 1 218

Figure A H.3. Level of importance of financial and economic instruments in increasing the competitiveness of option No. 2 219

Figure A H.4. Level of importance of financial and economic instruments in increasing the competitiveness of option No. 3 220

Figure A H.5. Most relevant enabling conditions to strengthen the adoption of the three selected low-carbon options in Thailand 221

Figure A H.6. Most relevant enablers to strengthen the governance in support of the adoption of the three selected low-carbon options 222

Figure A H.7. Effect of each Thailand's policies, regulations and plans listed on the adoption of option No. 1 223

Figure A H.8. Effect of each Thailand's policies, regulations and plans listed on the adoption of option No. 2 224

Figure A H.9. Effect of each Thailand's policies, regulations and plans listed on the adoption of option No. 3 225

출판사 책소개

알라딘제공
Thailand aims to position itself as a regional leader in sustainable industry and innovation, guided by the Bio-Circular-Green Economy Model. Within the manufacturing sector, the petrochemical industry and plastics value chain stand out for their strategic importance to Thailand's economy and employment. The country is the largest petrochemical producer within the ASEAN region and the third-largest bioplastics manufacturer in the world. Transforming these sectors will be key to reaching Thailand's net-zero greenhouse gas emissions target by 2050, as announced in its second Nationally Determined Contribution, alongside boosting competitiveness.

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