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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive summary 10

1. Takeaways for governments 12

Encourage incubators to act as entrepreneurial ecosystem hubs and connectors 13

Promote individualised services, including coaching and mentoring 13

Increase the number of specialised incubators 14

Encourage internationalisation 14

Use funding systems and capacity building support to upgrade quality 14

Part I. What is business incubation and why it matters for policy 16

2. What is business incubation? 17

Defining business incubation 18

Incubation activities 19

References 22

3. Why does policy support incubation? 23

How incubators facilitate startup and scaleup development - transmission channels 24

Evaluation evidence on incubator impacts 24

Market failures affecting the supply of incubation 26

References 27

Note 30

4. Trends in business incubation 31

References 33

Note 34

Part II. What are the main services provided? 35

5. Coaching 36

What is coaching? 37

How is coaching conducted? 37

What tools are used in coaching? 38

Can any effects of coaching be observed? 38

Coaching within business incubators 39

Conclusions and policy lessons 43

References 44

6. Internationalisation assistance 45

The emergence of "born global firms" 46

The role of incubators in supporting startup globalisation 47

Dedicated incubation programmes for startup globalisation 48

Selecting and supporting companies with internationalisation potential 52

Leveraging public facilities overseas to enrich internationalisation supports for startups 53

Conclusions and policy lessons 54

References 55

Notes 57

7. Financing 58

The startup and scaleup finance gap 59

How incubators bridge financing gaps 59

Conclusions and policy lessons 63

References 64

Notes 66

8. Entrepreneurship skills training 67

What skills are needed for startup and scaleup development? 68

Entrepreneurship skills training in business incubators 69

Conclusions and policy lessons 72

References 73

9. Specialised incubation 76

Introduction 77

Benefits and drawbacks of specialised incubation on incubator clients 78

Drivers of specialisation for incubators 79

Main features of specialised incubators, by type 79

Conclusions and policy lessons 88

References 89

Notes 95

Part III. How do governments support business incubators? 96

10. Mapping of incubation support policies in OECD countries 97

Introduction 98

Results 98

Conclusions 102

11. Key policy choices in supporting business incubation 104

Which incubation activities to fund? 105

Selecting delivery organisations 107

Method of funding 111

Strengthening linkages between incubators 120

Embedding incubators within entrepreneurial ecosystems 124

Co-ordinating with wider support policies for innovation and entrepreneurship 128

Conclusions and policy lessons 133

References 134

Notes 137

Part IV. International country cases 138

12. Estonia 139

Overview of incubation system 140

Major policies for incubation 140

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 141

Notes 142

13. France 143

Overview of incubation system 144

Major policies for incubation 145

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 146

References 146

Note 146

14. Ireland 147

Overview of incubation system 148

Major policies for incubation 148

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 149

References 150

15. Korea 151

Overview of incubation system 152

Major policies for incubation 152

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 154

References 154

16. Portugal 155

Overview of incubation system 156

Major policies for incubation 156

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 157

Note 158

17. Singapore 159

Overall incubation system 160

Major policies for incubation 160

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 161

References 162

18. Sweden 163

Overview of incubation system 164

Major policies for incubation 164

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 166

19. United Kingdom 167

Overview of incubation system 168

Major policies for incubation 168

Conclusions and lessons for other countries 170

References 170

Tables 9

Table 2.1. Taxonomy of business incubation entities 18

Table 5.1. Key required elements in the incubator coaching approach within Sweden's NIP 39

Table 6.1. Obstacles faced, by company profile 46

Table 7.1. Equity investment models for incubators 60

Table 7.2. Incubators' strategies for building clients' investment readiness 62

Table 9.1. Main types of incubator specialisation 77

Figures 9

Figure 4.1. The rapid evolution of incubation supply 32

Figure 10.1. Incubation policies in OECD countries that form part of a broader strategic action plan 98

Figure 10.2. Type of entities operating the incubators supported by the policy 99

Figure 10.3. Nature of support provided by the policy to the incubators 100

Figure 10.4. Conditions for receipt of funding 101

Figure 10.5. Criteria for selecting incubators for support 101

Figure 10.6. Services incubators are required to offer their clients in order to qualify for support through the programme 102

Figure 11.1. Grants issued through the New and Existing Incubators (NEI) stream and Experts in Residence (EIR) stream of Australia's Incubator... 114

Boxes 9

Box 6.1. K-Startup Centers, Korea 49

Box 6.2. The German Accelerator programme 50

Box 8.1. The ETH Zürich Pioneer Fellowship Deep-Tech Incubation programme 70

Box 9.1. The United Kingdom's Catapult programme 80

Box 9.2. The WomenEntrepreneurs4Good Accelerator Programme 84

Box 11.1. The National Incubator Programme, Sweden 112

Box 11.2. Performance monitoring systems for incubators and accelerators - selected international cases 117

Box 11.3. The Canada Accelerator and Incubator Programme 118

Box 11.4. The National Network of Incubators, Portugal 121

Box 11.5. The incubator programme of the Industrial Development Corporation of Norway 122

Box 11.6. The French Tech programme 126

Box 11.7. The Incubator Support Programme of Australia's National Innovation and Science Agenda 129

Box 11.8. The Business Incubator Association of New York State 131

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