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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Acronyms and Abbreviations 10

Executive Summary 13

Key recommendations 15

Assessment and recommendations 16

Assessment 16

Policy recommendations 28

References 34

Notes 35

1. Context and policy setting 37

1.1. Context: The agro-food sector 38

1.1.1. The role of agriculture in the economy 39

1.1.2. Characteristics of Swiss farms and structural change in the agricultural sector 44

1.1.3. Farm and farm household income 49

1.1.4. General landscape of the agro-food sector 52

1.1.5. Inclusiveness of the sector 56

1.1.6. Trade and participation in global value chains 61

1.2. Context: The demand side 70

1.2.1. Data sources on food consumption and diets 70

1.2.2. Household food expenditures 71

1.2.3. Trends in food consumption and dietary preferences 72

1.3. Policy setting of the agro-food sector 76

1.4. Conclusions 78

References 80

Notes 88

2. Trends and evaluation of agricultural and food policies 91

2.1. General landscape of food system policies 93

2.1.1. Strategic vision and priorities for agriculture and food 93

2.1.2. Institutional framework for the governance of the food system 95

2.2. General agricultural policy 98

2.2.1. Evolution of the agricultural policy framework 98

2.2.2. The current agricultural policy: Structure and expenditures 100

2.3. Other relevant domestic policies 106

2.3.1. Regional and rural policies 106

2.3.2. Policies related to agricultural land 107

2.3.3. Tax incentives 107

2.3.4. Policies related to inclusion 108

2.3.5. Food safety policies 109

2.4. Risk management and resilience policies 110

2.5. Trade policies 112

2.5.1. Structure and operation of agricultural trade policies 113

2.5.2. Existing evaluations of the agricultural border protection system 118

2.6. Evaluation of support to agriculture 119

2.6.1. Producer Support Estimate (PSE) 119

2.6.2. General Services Support Estimate (GSSE) 123

2.6.3. Consumer Support Estimate (CSE) 126

2.6.4. Total Support Estimate (TSE) 126

2.7. Market regulation and competition in the agro-food sector 127

2.8. Demand side policies for healthy and sustainable food choices 130

2.8.1. The rationale behind public interventions to influence food consumption 130

2.8.2. Policies to encourage diets with better health and environmental outcomes 133

2.9. Conclusions 137

References 139

Notes 149

3. Natural resources management and environmental sustainability 152

3.1. Key environmental objectives, strategies and institutional framework 153

3.1.1. General institutional and regulatory frameworks for environmental governance 153

3.1.2. Key environmental objectives and regulations for agriculture 154

3.1.3. Agri-environmental measures as part of Swiss agricultural policies 156

3.1.4. Mandatory environmental cross-compliance (proof of ecological performance) 156

3.1.5. Agri-environmental payments 158

3.2. Management of natural resources and ecosystems 160

3.2.1. Agri-environmental context 160

3.2.2. Biodiversity and ecosystems 161

3.2.3. Soil health and erosion 164

3.2.4. Fertiliser input and nutrient balances 165

3.2.5. Ammonia emissions 169

3.2.6. Plant pests and diseases control 169

3.3. Climate change mitigation and adaptation 171

3.3.1. Climate change mitigation 171

3.3.2. Climate change adaptation 174

3.4. Towards an energy-efficient and low-carbon agro-food sector 175

3.5. Food loss and waste 177

3.5.1. Context 177

3.5.2. Knowledge: Switzerland's efforts to develop a robust evidence base 178

3.5.3. Ambition: Switzerland's goes beyond SDG 12.3 and has a long-term aspirational goal 180

3.5.4. Commitment and policy implementation: Switzerland's FLW Action Plan 181

3.5.5. Policy effectiveness: an interim assessment of the FLW Action Plan was conducted in 2025, and a final assessment is expected in 2030 182

3.6. Conclusions 184

References 186

Notes 189

4. Food and Agriculture Innovation System 190

4.1. The agriculture and food innovation system 192

4.1.1. General innovation profile 192

4.1.2. Governance of the agriculture and food innovation system 193

4.2. Actors, institutions, and governance of the Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) 196

4.3. Policies facilitating innovation and knowledge transfer 204

4.3.1. R&D public and private investment 204

4.3.2. Switzerland's digital connectivity profile 207

4.4. Adoption of innovations and R&D performance 209

4.5. Data and digital technologies 210

4.6. Conclusions: Innovation as a catalyst of food systems transformation 211

References 214

Notes 219

5. Policy performance and coherence in achieving Switzerland's food systems objectives 220

5.1. Balancing multiple policy objectives and perspectives 222

5.1.1. Agriculture and food policy goals for 2030 and beyond 222

5.1.2. The challenge of balancing multiple goals 223

5.1.3. Three sources of friction: facts, interests and values 223

5.2. Benchmarking Switzerland's productivity and environmental sustainability performance against other OECD countries 225

5.2.1. Agricultural productivity growth 225

5.2.2. Sustainable productivity growth 227

5.3. Governance tools and processes to enhance policy performance and coherence 229

5.3.1. Co-ordination and advisory bodies 229

5.3.2. Performance and impact evaluations 230

5.3.3. Stakeholder engagement 236

5.4. Assessment of coherence in selected policy areas 237

5.4.1. Assessing food systems policy coherence 237

5.4.2. International engagement 240

5.4.3. The Swiss food system towards 2030 and beyond 242

5.5. Conclusions 244

References 246

Notes 250

Tables 8

Table 1.1. Natural grasslands and pastures make up 60% of agricultural land 44

Table 1.2. Animal products, particularly milk, dominate agricultural production 47

Table 1.3. Trade patterns reflect a specialisation in high-value processed products 62

Table 2.1. Agricultural support has evolved to become less linked with production 99

Table 2.2. The direct payment system was substantially restructured in 2014 102

Table 2.3. The direct payment system comprises a large number of different measures 103

Table 2.4. All agro-food tariffs different from zero are expressed in specific form 113

Table 2.5. There are stark differences between in-quota and out-of-quota duty rates 115

Table 2.6. Examples of demand-side measures in Switzerland 134

Table 2.7. Selected areas where further policy action could be explored in Switzerland 135

Table 3.1. Cross-compliance (PEP) requirements linked to direct payments 157

Table 3.2. Main types of agri-environmental payments 159

Table 3.3. Swiss agricultural area according to its potential soil erosion risk 164

Table 3.4. Key elements of Switzerland's approach to policymaking on FLW 177

Table 3.5. Timeline of Switzerland's policy developments and expected action on FLW 178

Table 3.6. Food processing generates the largest volume of FLW while households account for the largest share of environmental impacts 179

Table 3.7. Measures foreseen during phase 1 of the FLW Action Plan 181

Table 3.8. The interim assessment recommends strengthening monitoring systems, increasing consumer engagement and introducing new... 183

Table 4.1. Agriculture and food publications or R&D outcomes (1996-2024) 209

Table 5.1. The new goals for Swiss agriculture and food also cover the demand side 222

Table 5.2. Three sources of friction complicate food systems policymaking 224

Table 5.3. The effectiveness of agricultural policies implemented between 2014 and 2021 was mixed 233

Table 5.4. Previous OECD recommendations to Switzerland focused on support to agriculture 235

Table 5.5. Selected deliberative processes in Swiss cantons and cities 237

Table 5.6. Coherence between Switzerland's Policies and Key Food System Goals: A self-assessment 238

Table 5.7. Switzerland's GHG emissions reduction targets apply also to food consumption 239

Table 5.8. Several elements of Swiss agricultural policy appear at odds with broader food systems objectives 240

Table 5.9. Reaching the 2050 vision will require significant action 243

Figures 7

Figure 1.1. Most of Switzerland's population lives in urban areas 40

Figure 1.2. Primary sector employment has declined steadily over time 41

Figure 1.3. The share of agriculture in GDP and employment is one of the lowest 41

Figure 1.4. Pastures cover most of Switzerland's agricultural land 42

Figure 1.5. There are several production zones for the purposes of agricultural policy 43

Figure 1.6. Fewer people are working on agriculture, and the share of hired labour is increasing 45

Figure 1.7. Most farms are around the middle of the size distribution 46

Figure 1.8. Cattle numbers remained stable and poultry numbers almost doubled since 2000 48

Figure 1.9. Direct payments represent a significant share of farm household income 50

Figure 1.10. Farms in mountain areas are particularly reliant on government support 51

Figure 1.11. The food supply chain in Switzerland 52

Figure 1.12. One-fourth of Swiss farms sell part of their production directly to consumers 54

Figure 1.13. The dairy value chain Switzerland 55

Figure 1.14. Consumption of dairy products in Switzerland is high 56

Figure 1.15. Farms managed by women tend to be smaller 57

Figure 1.16. The ratio of younger farmers has declined over the last two decades 60

Figure 1.17. Switzerland is a net importer of agricultural and food products 61

Figure 1.18. Coffee has emerged as a key export sector 63

Figure 1.19. Roasted coffee exports and share in world exports 64

Figure 1.20. Key coffee trading partners of Switzerland 65

Figure 1.21. Agro-food exports to the United States are at a similar level than those to Germany 66

Figure 1.22. Almost three-quarters of imports come from the European Union 66

Figure 1.23. The contribution of imported inputs to Swiss export value added has increased 67

Figure 1.24. Switzerland is also exporting more agro-food value added 68

Figure 1.25. Services contribute over one-third of agro-food export value added 69

Figure 1.26. Services contribute over half of the value added in Switzerland's food domestic demand 70

Figure 1.27. Household consumption expenditure in Switzerland, 2022 71

Figure 1.28. Consumption of poultry has increased in the past 20 years, while the consumption of beef remains stable 72

Figure 1.29. Food intake varies significantly across Swiss linguistic regions 73

Figure 1.30. Most Swiss households fall into the Environmentally minded category 75

Figure 1.31. Over one-quarter of the Swiss population follows a flexitarian diet 75

Figure 2.1. Direct support to farmers makes up most budgetary spending 101

Figure 2.2. Tariffs have decreased, but significant protection remains for some product groups 114

Figure 2.3. Switzerland has the highest level of support to producers in the OECD 120

Figure 2.4. PSE composition has evolved, but market price support remains the largest category 121

Figure 2.5. Poultry and eggs continue to receive high commodity-specific transfers 122

Figure 2.6. The gap between domestic producer prices and international prices declined significantly but remains high 123

Figure 2.7. Expenditure on general services to agriculture is 2.5 times the OECD average 124

Figure 2.8. GSSE patterns show rising focus on knowledge and innovation 125

Figure 2.9. Switzerland's regulations are as pro-competition as the OECD average 127

Figure 2.10. Price level index by food categories, 2024 128

Figure 2.11. Obesity has increased but remains below most peer countries 131

Figure 2.12. Fruit and vegetable consumption has decreased 132

Figure 2.13. Support of consumers from different OECD countries for food system policies 137

Figure 3.1. Annual change in selected agri-environmental indicators in Switzerland and the European Union (2012-21) 161

Figure 3.2. Share of protected terrestrial area in 2024 in Switzerland and selected peer countries and aggregates 162

Figure 3.3. Evolution of the Farmland Bird Index (2000 = 100) 163

Figure 3.4. Input of synthetic fertiliser and manure nitrogen in Switzerland and selected countries and regions 166

Figure 3.5. Input of synthetic fertiliser and manure phosphorus in Switzerland and selected countries and regions 166

Figure 3.6. Nitrogen balance (kg/ha) in Switzerland and selected countries and regions 167

Figure 3.7. Phosphorus balance kg/ha 167

Figure 3.8. Agricultural ammonia (NH3) emissions intensity (kg/ha) in Switzerland and selected countries and regions 169

Figure 3.9. Pesticide sales per area of arable land in Switzerland and selected countries and regions 170

Figure 3.10. Relative change in GHG emissions from agriculture in Switzerland and selected regions 171

Figure 3.11. Total and AFOLU GHG emissions in Switzerland in 2021 173

Figure 3.12. Evolution of food waste and distribution by economic sectors 179

Figure 3.13. One-fourth of municipal waste is treated through composting and digestion 180

Figure 3.14. Swiss citizens prioritise environmental impacts in their waste-related choices 184

Figure 4.1. Strategies and regulations for food systems innovation in Switzerland 194

Figure 4.2. Main actors of the Swiss Agricultural Knowledge and Information System (AKIS) 197

Figure 4.3. Government budget allocation for R&D in Swiss agriculture, 2004-23 204

Figure 4.4. R&D Expenditures distribution by source of funding and by sector of performance 205

Figure 4.5. Fixed broadband coverage in rural and urban households 207

Figure 4.6. NGA and FTTP coverage in Switzerland vs. the EU average 208

Figure 4.7. Innovation intensity in the manufacture of food, beverages and tobacco sector 210

Figure 5.1. There have been limited agricultural productivity gains over the past three decades 226

Figure 5.2. TFP growth has not been sufficient to drive strong agricultural output growth 226

Figure 5.3. Switzerland's TFP performance lags behind most peers 227

Figure 5.4. Switzerland has not been able to decouple GHG emissions from production 228

Figure 5.5. The emission intensity of production declined, but less than in the EU and the OECD 229

Figure 5.6. Switzerland performs above the OECD average in its use of regulatory impact assessment 231

Figure 5.7. Participation in a UNFSS coalition and/or presentation of a national pathway 241

Boxes 9

Box 1.1. Challenges faced by women in agriculture in Switzerland 58

Box 1.2. Switzerland in the coffee global value chain 64

Box 1.3. menuCH: Switzerland's first national nutrition survey 71

Box 1.4. "Brand Switzerland": Differentiating Swiss products domestically and abroad 73

Box 1.5. Understanding organic demand in Switzerland 76

Box 2.1. Agriculture and food in the Swiss Federal Constitution 93

Box 2.2. Improving food systems resilience: Practical approaches and examples 112

Box 2.3. Trade as a vehicle for promoting sustainable agriculture and food systems 117

Box 2.4. The French Observatory of Food Prices and Margins 129

Box 2.5. OECD five-track policy approach to encourage healthier and more sustainable food choices 133

Box 2.6. Zurich's sustainable nutrition strategy includes voluntary collaborations and stricter measures for the city's public catering 135

Box 2.7. The canton of Geneva established a food fund and is exploring demand-side policies 136

Box 3.1. A cross-industry agreement supports Switzerland's FLW reduction goals 182

Box 4.1. Switzerland's Model Projects for Sustainable Spatial Development 196

Box 4.2. Connecting farmers and innovation: The Star'Terre platform 200

Box 4.3. Start-ups in Switzerland, regulation and innovation: The case of Essento 202

Box 4.4. Private-public partnerships in Switzerland 202

Box 4.5. Supporting innovation for the sustainable use of natural resources 206

Box 5.1. Swiss citizens' perspectives on agricultural policy goals 224

Box 5.2. The 2025-2032 Swiss Nutrition Strategy built on lessons learned from the previous nutrition strategy 231

Box 5.3. Citizens' assemblies have been used in Switzerland to guide food systems policies at the federal, cantonal and local levels 236

Box 5.4. Switzerland's Second National Pathway for Food Systems Transformation in Support of the 2030 Agenda 242

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