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Title page 1

Contents 5

Foreword 4

Executive summary 7

1. Promoting social connectedness through food: Policy relevance, conceptual underpinnings and existing evidence 9

Social connectedness as an emerging policy priority 10

The inclusion of food-based activities in national and sub-national government strategies to promote social connection 15

Understanding the relationship between food and social connectedness 17

References 31

Notes 46

2. Food-based initiatives to promote social connections: Insights from case studies 48

Community-led programme case studies 51

Government programme case studies 63

Key insights on the use of food to promote social connectedness in practice 70

References 77

Notes 84

Annex A. Case study selection process 87

Search strategies 87

Core selection criteria 87

Measures of success 88

Diversity and variety 88

References 88

Glossary of terms 89

References 90

Tables 5

Table 1.1. Overview of food-based activity examples, with evidence of associated social connections and broader well-being benefits 26

Table 2.1. Summary of case studies presented in this chapter 49

Table 2.2. Common challenges faced by food-based initiatives and potential responses 71

Figures 6

Figure 1.1. Socio-economic precarity, old age and living alone are associated with poorer social connections outcomes 12

Figure 1.2. Access to social infrastructure facilitates interactions across disparate social groups 13

Figure 1.3. People meet in person less, and connect more digitally, as solo living grows 14

Figure 1.4. Daily consumption of fruit and vegetables rises with income quintile 18

Figure 1.5. Food insecurity is most acute for the unemployed, those with lower levels of education, and those with lower incomes 19

Figure 1.6. In 8 OECD countries, at least 1 in 10 students report skipping a meal weekly for financial reasons 19

Figure 1.7. Cooking with others is linked to better subjective well-being and social connections outcomes 20

Figure 1.8. Eating meals together is linked to better subjective well-being outcomes 21

Figure 1.9. Under half of young people in 25 OECD countries have a daily shared family meal 22

Figure 1.10. Time use survey data from the United States show that solo dining is on the rise; data from Belgium show the wide-spread practice... 23

Figure 1.11. Five stages of food production and use 24

Figure 2.1. Overview of the links between selected case study activities and food system stages 50

Figure 2.2. Key insights for designing food-centred policies to promote social connections 51

Boxes 6

Box 1.1. The quality of existing evidence on the drivers of social connectedness 25

Box 2.1. Male loneliness in OECD countries: An emerging issue 56

Box 2.2. Examples of food-related initiatives implemented in multi-generational houses 68

Annex Figures 6

Figure A A.1. Summary of case study selection process 87