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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgments 5

Abbreviations and acronyms 9

Executive summary 10

1. Assessment and recommendations 12

1.1. Co-ordinate and align incentives for the development of a semiconductor ecosystem 14

1.1.1. Engage all relevant stakeholders in the development of the National Semiconductor Strategy 14

1.1.2. Focus policy efforts on selected segments of the semiconductor value chain 15

1.1.3. Further enhance investment promotion activities to highlight the comparative advantages of Panama 15

1.1.4. Build on the National Semiconductor Strategy to co-ordinate and harmonise incentives offered to potential investors 16

1.1.5. Enhance the modernisation and digitalisation of government services and integrate all investment, international trade, business... 16

1.1.6. Leverage Panama's granular data available from different institutions to inform policies for the semiconductor industry and... 16

1.2. Invest in skills and attract talent to develop a semiconductor workforce 17

1.2.1. Strengthen STEM in primary and secondary education to create a pipeline of STEM talent, and monitor progress 17

1.2.2. Continue efforts to improve English language skills at all levels of education, and monitor progress in the improvement of... 18

1.2.3. Implement plans to create a semiconductor track in university education 18

1.2.4. Further strengthen international collaboration to develop semiconductor talent 19

1.2.5. Develop vocational education and training programmes to train people with the skills needed for a semiconductor ecosystem,... 20

1.2.6. Facilitate transitions to formal employment by addressing labour market skills imbalances 21

1.3. Foster the development of local semiconductor-related firms 21

1.3.1. Improve access to capital to finance entrepreneurial activity in the semiconductor industry and other sectors, including through... 21

1.3.2. Expand programmes to support the entrepreneurial ecosystem, including for semiconductors, through incubators and... 22

1.3.3. Support semiconductor-related innovation, including by leveraging private funding for targeted semiconductor research and... 22

1.4. Ensure reliable and sustainable utilities infrastructure 23

1.4.1. Ensure a reliable and stable supply of energy by further investing in a diversified, low-carbon energy mix 23

1.4.2. Incentivise firms to adopt best available technologies for water and wastewater management 23

References 24

Notes 24

2. Examining the domestic ecosystem for semiconductors 25

2.1. Market structure 26

2.1.1. Macroeconomic environment 26

2.1.2. The high-tech ecosystem in Panama 28

2.1.3. Integration in global value chains 33

2.1.4. Innovation and investment 39

2.2. Infrastructure 47

2.2.1. Key utilities 47

2.2.2. Transport infrastructure 53

2.3. Skills 58

2.3.1. Supply of semiconductor skills in Panama 59

2.3.2. Demand for semiconductor skills, based on data from other countries 64

2.3.3. Panama's labour market developments 67

References 72

Notes 78

3. Understanding the policy and regulatory landscape 80

3.1. Institutional framework and policies supporting the domestic ecosystem for semiconductors 81

3.1.1. Institutional framework 81

3.1.2. The National Semiconductor Strategy 86

3.2. Science, technology, innovation and business support 87

3.2.1. Technology and R&D 88

3.2.2. Innovation and entrepreneurship 95

3.2.3. Business support and business environment 101

3.3. Human capital 106

3.3.1. Primary and secondary education 106

3.3.2. Tertiary education and relevant university programmes 108

3.3.3. Vocational education and training 113

3.3.4. Labour markets and skills 115

3.3.5. International workers 117

References 119

Notes 127

Annex A. Understanding the semiconductor value chain 129

References 131

Annex B. Trade analysis methodology 132

References 133

Annex C. List of ICT products and inputs in the semiconductor value chain 134

References 136

Annex D. List of most sought-after generic skills 137

References 138

Annex E. List of most sought-after specific skills 139

References 139

Annex F. Econometric estimation 140

References 141

Tables 8

Table 2.1. Medium-high- and high-tech industries 29

Table 2.2. Keywords used to identify trends in patents related to semiconductors 40

Table 3.1. Membership of the Commission for Innovation in Microelectronics and Semiconductors (CIMS) 82

Table 3.2. Comparison of SEM and EMMA 102

Table 3.3. Comparison of Panama's special economic zones and free trade zones 104

Table 3.4. Panama's foreign labour regulations 118

Figures 7

Figure 2.1. Gini index in selected countries 27

Figure 2.2. Geographical distribution of high-tech firms in Panama, 2022 29

Figure 2.3. Sectoral distribution of high-tech firms in Panama, 2022 30

Figure 2.4. Distribution of firms according to their size, 2022 30

Figure 2.5. Revenues and employment evolution, 2015-2022, 2015 = 100 31

Figure 2.6. Net profit margin, 2015-2022 32

Figure 2.7. Real compensation per employee 32

Figure 2.8. Value of fixed assets, 2021 and 2022 33

Figure 2.9. Merchandise trade and trade in services, 2016 and 2022 34

Figure 2.10. Exports of ICT products by main trading partner, 2023 35

Figure 2.11. Imports of ICT products by main trading partner, 2023 35

Figure 2.12. The semiconductor supply chain 36

Figure 2.13. Trade balance for chips, 2012-2023 36

Figure 2.14. Semiconductor trade balance 37

Figure 2.15. RCA for selected economies, 2012 and 2023 38

Figure 2.16. Bilateral dependencies at the country-product level 39

Figure 2.17. Trends in patents related to semiconductors, 1980-2024 41

Figure 2.18. PCT patents related to semiconductors and other technologies in Panama, 2000-2024 42

Figure 2.19. R&D expenditure, 2014-2022 42

Figure 2.20. Inward and outward cross-border investment for selected groups, 2019 43

Figure 2.21. FDI, net inflows, 1990-2024 44

Figure 2.22. Value of deals involving at least one Panamanian high-tech firm, by origin, 2005-2022 45

Figure 2.23. Greenfield investment, net inflows by sector, January 2003-February 2026 45

Figure 2.24. Greenfield investment, employment creation, January 2003-February 2026 46

Figure 2.25. Greenfield investment in the ICT and electronics cluster by country, January 2003-February 2026, USD millions 46

Figure 2.26. Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita in selected countries, 2000-2021 48

Figure 2.27. Share of households with access to drinking water every day of the week, by seasons and provinces, April 2022 48

Figure 2.28. Access to electricity in selected economies, 2005-2023 49

Figure 2.29. Electricity costs for households and businesses in selected economies, 2023-2025 average 50

Figure 2.30. Electricity generation sources in selected countries, 2024 51

Figure 2.31. Fixed broadband subscriptions in selected economies, 2004-2023 52

Figure 2.32. Share of households with internet access, by provinces, March 2022 53

Figure 2.33. Logistics score in selected economies, 2023 53

Figure 2.34. Public investment in transport infrastructure, 2008-2023 54

Figure 2.35. Container traffic, 2000-2022 55

Figure 2.36. Export volume in the main ports of Panama, 2019 Q1-2024 Q2 55

Figure 2.37. Daily transit trade volume in the Panama Canal, January 2022-October 2025 56

Figure 2.38. Road infrastructure quality in selected countries, 2019 57

Figure 2.39. Air transport infrastructure quality in selected countries, 2019 58

Figure 2.40. Government expenditure on education, 2014-2022 60

Figure 2.41. Pupil to teacher ratio by levels of education 60

Figure 2.42. PISA results in selected countries, 2018 and 2022 61

Figure 2.43. Enrolment rates at upper secondary education against GDP per capita, 2017 62

Figure 2.44. Educational attainment for upper secondary level, 2017 and 2023 62

Figure 2.45. Upper-secondary graduates by modality of education, institution type and sex, 2020 63

Figure 2.46. Main fields of study for upper secondary students, 2020 63

Figure 2.47. Percentage of graduates from STEM tertiary education programmes 64

Figure 2.48. Most sought-after skills in the semiconductor sector 65

Figure 2.49. Comparison with most sought-after skills in semiconductors and other manufacturing sectors 66

Figure 2.50. Manufacturing sectors closest to semiconductors in terms of skills demand 67

Figure 2.51. Number of workers by semiconductor-related occupations, August 2023 68

Figure 2.52. Distribution of workers by occupations in the high-tech sector, August 2023 68

Figure 2.53. Informality rate by sector, August 2023 69

Figure 2.54. Distribution of workers by contract type, August 2023 70

Figure 2.55. Median monthly salary by contract type, August 2023 70

Figure 3.1. Overview of Panama's institutional framework for semiconductor policy 84

Figure 3.2. Co-ordination across Panama's semiconductor stakeholders 95

Boxes 8

Box 2.1. National data sources used in this report 28

Box 2.2. Patents as a measure of innovation in semiconductors 40

Box 2.3. Analysing the demand for skills in the semiconductor sector using Lightcast data 65

Box 2.4. Econometric specification 71

Box 3.1. Sub-committees supporting the CIMS 83

Box 3.2. Public investment to support semiconductor design and ATP 86

Box 3.3. The National Secretariat of Science, Technology and Innovation (SENACYT) 89

Box 3.4. SENACYT's resources to support for research, technology and innovation in 2025 90

Box 3.5. Public interest associations in Panama 92

Box 3.6. The City of Knowledge 97

Box 3.7. The CAF Method for the Accelerated Development of Technological Patents 98

Box 3.8. Curricula updates at the Technological University of Panama (UTP) 110

Box 3.9. SENACYT's scholarship programme for relevant academic fields 112

Annex Tables 8

Table A C.1. Semiconductor-related products 134

Table A D.1. List of most sought-after generic skills 137

Table A E.1. List of most sought-after specific skills 139

Table A F.1. VIF results 140

Annex Figures 8

Figure A F.1. Residuals plot 140

Annex Boxes 8

Box A B.1. Methodological framework 132

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