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Title page 1

Contents 4

Contributors 10

Foreword 12

Prologue 14

Introduction 16

PART I. Why Transit-Oriented Development Matters 22

Part I Summary 23

1. Metro Stations as Catalysts for Enhancing Transit-Oriented Development: Insights from Lahore, Pakistan 25

1.1. Introduction 25

1.2. Methods and Materials 27

1.3. Policy Analysis 31

1.4. Results 33

1.5. Discussion 44

1.6. Policy Recommendations 46

1.7. Conclusion 47

References 49

2. Urban Transport and Land Use Integration: Toward Inclusive Transit-oriented Development 52

2.1. Introduction 52

2.2. Ensuring Mobility for All 54

2.3. Policy Issues in Addressing Public Transport Affordability and Examples of Mitigation Measures 58

2.4. Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Formulation 68

2.5. How to Finance Distributive Subsidies 68

2.6. Conclusions 70

References 72

Appendix 74

PART II. Understanding Transit-Oriented Development for Urban Transport Transitions 77

Part II Summary 78

3. Landscape of Transit-Oriented Development in India: A Case Study of the Hyderabad Metro 81

3.1. Introduction to Transit-Oriented Development 81

3.2. Literature Review on Transit-oriented Development 82

3.3. The Indian Scenario: Government of India Policies and Guidelines 83

3.4. Potential Opportunities for Transit-oriented Development in India 84

3.5. Policies of State Governments in India 87

3.6. Case Study of Hyderabad 88

3.7. Challenges in Implementing TOD in India 103

3.8. Key Lessons Learned from National and International Metros 104

3.9. Strategies for Implementation of TOD 107

3.10. Conclusion 107

References 109

4. Assessing Transit-Oriented Development Opportunities: A Comparative Study of Dhaka's Mass Rapid Transit Stations 111

4.1. Introduction 111

4.2. Literature Review 112

4.3. National Policies and Plans for TOD in Bangladesh 114

4.4. TOD and the Sustainable Development Goals 116

4.5. Methodology 117

4.6. Discussion 121

4.7. Recommendations 138

4.8. Conclusion 141

References 142

5. Evaluation of Land Value Capture Measures Toward Transit-Oriented Development in India 146

5.1. Introduction 146

5.2. Literature 148

5.3. Methodology 152

5.4. Study of Globally Recognized Best Practices 152

5.5. Policy Provisions of Transit-Oriented Development and Land Value Capture in India 157

5.6. Value Capture Attempts Along Transit Networks in Indian Cities 160

5.7. Discussion and Conclusion 166

References 169

6. Urban Transition in India: Addressing Mass Rapid Transit System Challenges for Sustainable Urban Growth 173

6.1. Introduction 173

6.2. The Growth of Transit Infrastructure 175

6.3. The Emergence of Transit-oriented Development in India 176

6.4/6.3. Defining India-centric Challenges 184

6.5/6.4. Conclusion 191

References 193

7. Challenges of the Sabarmati Station Transit-Oriented Development Plan for India's First High-Speed Rail: Lessons from Shinagawa Station and... 195

7.1. Introduction 195

7.2. Overview of Sabarmati Station, India's First High-speed Rail Station 196

7.3. Overview and History of the Shinagawa Station Area Development 205

7.4. Conclusions and Recommendations for Sabarmati Station TOD Plan 214

References 215

PART III. Advancing Transit-Oriented Development: Strategies and Innovations 218

Part III Summary 219

8. Design Concept of Transit-Oriented Development in Jakarta's Old Town 221

8.1. Introduction 221

8.2. Methods 222

8.3. Discussion 225

8.4. Conclusion 236

References 238

9. Advancing the Transit-Oriented Development Framework with Financial Analytics Optimization: A Thailand Case Study 240

9.1. Introduction 240

9.2. Motivation for Transit-Oriented Development 241

9.3. Associated Concepts, Processes, and Stakeholders 242

9.4. Empirical Case in Thailand 244

9.5. Data-Driven Decision-Making Process 245

9.6. Strategies and Suggestions 250

9.7. Regulatory Changes and Funding Strategies to Support Sustainable Transit-Oriented Development 251

9.8. Roadmap for the Implementation of Financial Analytics in Transit-Oriented Development 252

9.9. Key Consideration 254

9.10. Recommendation 255

References 256

Appendix A9.1: Pythonic Codes Sample on Data Acquisition (Web Scraping) 258

Appendix A9.2: Pythonic Codes Sample on Sentiment Analysis (For Social Media) 259

10. Land Aspects in the Development of Transit-Oriented Development Areas in Indonesia 261

10.1. Introduction 261

10.2. Method 263

10.3. Results and Discussions 263

10.4. Conclusions 272

References 274

11. Toward Effective Urban Transport Transitions and TOD Promotion in Developing Countries: Implications from JICA's Practices 276

11.1. Introduction 276

11.2. Analytical Framework and Approach 278

11.3. Case Analysis of Transit-Oriented Development Practices 279

11.4. Characteristics and Uniqueness of the Approach 287

11.5. Policy Implications and Lessons for Promoting Transit-Oriented Development 289

11.6. Conclusion 291

References 293

Conclusion: Toward High-Quality, Inclusive Transit-Oriented Development 294

Tables 6

Table 1.1. Characteristics of the Selected OLMT Stations 28

Table 1.2. TOD Criteria and Indicators with Measurement and Data Source 29

Table 1.3. Transformation of the Urban Fabric around Metro Stations within TOD Framework, 2019 and 2024 34

Table 1.4. Required Public Infrastructure and Associated Cost Estimates for the Study Area 39

Table 1.5. Result of the Binary Logit Regression Model 41

Table 2.1. Affordability of Public Transport in Indian Cities 55

Table 2.2. Affordability Index Values for 27 Cities 57

Table 3.1. Overview of Transit Networks 85

Table 3.2. Comparison of Transit-Oriented Development Parameters of Respective State Governments 87

Table 3.3. Ridership Trends Across Corridors 91

Table 3.4. Current Daily Ridership, Miyapur and Nagole Metro Stations 97

Table 3.5. Assumptions for Traffic Impact Analysis of Transit-oriented Development Projects in Miyapur and Nagole 99

Table 3.6. Potential Employment Generation by Transit-oriented Development Projects 101

Table 3.7. Key Learnings 104

Table 3.8. Infrastructure Initiatives and Policy Developments in Hyderabad 105

Table 3.9. Land Value Capture Mechanisms in Indian Cities 106

Table 4.1. Variable Matrix of Key Indicators to Assess TOD Characteristics 118

Table 4.2. Findings from Field Study 124

Table 4.3. Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations, Results Analysis 125

Table 4.4. Dhaka University Station-Frequency Analysis 128

Table 4.5. Scores for Dhaka University Station (aggregated from respondents) 129

Table 4.6. Bangladesh Secretariat Station - Frequency Analysis 131

Table 4.7. Scores for Bangladesh Secretariat Station (aggregated from respondents) 132

Table 4.8. Motijheel Station-Frequency Analysis 134

Table 4.9. Scores for Motijheel Station (aggregated from respondents) 135

Table 4.10. Mirpur 11 Station-Frequency Analysis 137

Table 4.11. Scores for Mirpur 11 Station (aggregated from respondents) 138

Table 4.12. Recommendations 139

Table 5.1. LVC Instruments and Their Key Features 150

Table 5.2. Models of Financing Metro Rail in India 158

Table 5.3. Funding Pattern Adopted for the Development of the Delhi-NCR Metro Rail Network 162

Table 5.4. Financial Overview of Delhi Metro Rail Corporation for the Financial Years 2019-2023 163

Table 5.5. Financial Overview of L&T MRHL, Financial Years 2019-2023 166

Table 6.1. TOD Implementation Challenges 184

Table 6.2. TOD vs Smart Cities 185

Table 6.3. Policy Implications and Recommendations 186

Table 6.4. Land Related Challenges 189

Table 6.5. Systematizing TOD 191

Table 7.1. Organizing Matrix of Urban Planning in the Ahmedabad Metropolitan Area 199

Table 7.2. List of Concerned Bodies with Plans and Projects around Sabarmati Station 201

Table 7.3. List of Concerned Bodies with Plans and Projects for Shinagawa Station Area 208

Table 8.1. Transit-Oriented Development Design Component 224

Table 8.2. Transit-Oriented Development Design Criteria 225

Table 10.1. Criteria and Supervision of Land and Space Utilization in Transit-Oriented Development Areas 268

Table 10.2. Criteria and Supervision of Landownership in Transit-Oriented Development Areas 271

Table 11.1. Experience with Transit-Oriented Development in Jabodetabek 282

Table 11.2. Experience with Transit-Oriented Development in Dhaka 285

Figures 7

Figure 1.1. Policy Analysis of Land Use Planning Documents on TOD Planning and Implementation in Lahore 32

Figure 1.2. Changes in Land Use Patterns, 2019 and 2024 35

Figure 1.3. TOD Potential around OLMT Stations in the Absence of TOD Policy 37

Figure 2.1. The Housing Policy Regimes of the Global Housing Indicators 63

Figure 3.1. Transit-Oriented Development Components 82

Figure 3.2. Alignment of Hyderabad Metro Corridors 89

Figure 3.3. Average Daily Ridership for Each Corridor and Total Daily Ridership Across All Three Corridors 90

Figure 3.4. Hyderabad Metro Transit-oriented Development Plan 92

Figure 3.5. Miyapur Metro Station Ridership 93

Figure 3.6. Nagole Metro Station Ridership 94

Figure 3.7. Existing Scenario around Miyapur Metro Station (within 2 km of radius) 94

Figure 3.8. Market Conditions Around Miyapur Metro Station 95

Figure 3.9. Existing Scenario Around Nagole Metro Station (within 2 km of radius) 96

Figure 3.10. Market Conditions around Nagole Metro Station 96

Figure 3.11. Proposed Transit-oriented Development at Miyapur Depot 97

Figure 3.12. Proposed Transit-oriented Development at Nagole Depot 97

Figure 3.13. Primary Influence Area of Miyapur Transit-oriented Development (800 m radius) 98

Figure 3.14. Primary Influence Area of Nagole Transit-oriented Development (800 m radius) 98

Figure 3.15. Mode Wise Trips, Miyapur TOD 100

Figure 3.16. Mode Wise Trips, Nagole TOD 100

Figure 3.17. Phase I, II, and Proposed Phase III and Outer Ring Road Metro Corridors 105

Figure 4.1. Land Use Map at the Station Area (GIS map adopted) 120

Figure 4.2. Demographic Data of the Dhaka University Station 127

Figure 4.3. Demographic Data of the Bangladesh Secretariat Station 130

Figure 4.4. Demographic Data of Motijheel Station 133

Figure 4.5. Demographic Data of Mirpur 11 Station 136

Figure 5.1. Factors for Land Value Increase 149

Figure 5.2. Hong Kong, China's Rail + Property (R+P) Model Framework 153

Figure 5.3. Tokyo's Land Readjustment and Redevelopment Frameworks 156

Figure 6.1. DMRC Property Development 183

Figure 7.1. Comparison of Population in Cities along the Route of the Indian HSR and the Japanese Shinkansen 197

Figure 7.2. SWOT Analysis for Sabarmati Station Area 203

Figure 9.1. Input-Output Analysis from Public Infrastructure Development 243

Figure 9.2. Proposed Mind Map for Decision-Making 247

Figure 9.3. Proposed Roadmap for Financial Analytics Adoption in Railway Management System 253

Figure 10.1. Land and Space Use Patterns in Transit-Oriented Development Areas 266

Figure 10.2. Land Tenure Patterns in Transit-Oriented Development Areas 270

Figure 1. Illustration of Chapter 1 298

Figure 2. Illustration of Chapter 2 299

Figure 3. Illustration of Chapter 3 299

Figure 4. Illustration of Chapter 4 300

Figure 5. Illustration of Chapter 5 301

Figure 6. Illustration of Chapter 6 301

Figure 7. Illustration of Chapter 7 302

Figure 8. Illustration of Chapter 8 303

Figure 9. Illustration of Chapter 9 303

Figure 10. Illustration of Chapter 10 304

Figure 11. Illustration of Chapter 11 305

Boxes 9

Box 2.1. Public Transport Subsidies based on SISBEN 61

Box 2.2. Laneway Houses in Vancouver 65

Box 2.3. Large-Scale Housing Development in Suburban TOD Areas, Tokyo 66

Box 2.4. Affordable Housing Program in the Suburbs: The Metro Vivienda Project, Bogotá, Colombia 66

Box 2.5. Hawker Centers in Singapore 67

Box 2.6. Montgomery County, United States: More Housing at Metrorail Stations Act 69

Appendix Figures 75

Figure A2.1. Distribution of Annual Household Income Across Bangalore in 2020 75

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