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Title page 1

Contents 4

Abbreviations 8

About the Authors 9

Acknowledgments 10

1. Introduction 11

1.1. Introduction 11

1.2. Climate Action in Agriculture 12

1.3. Loss and Damages of Climate Change 15

1.4. Conditions and Understanding of Climate Research in Agriculture 18

1.5. Purpose, Rationale, and Objectives of the Study 26

1.6. Research Questions 27

1.7. Objectives 28

1.8. Scope of the Study 28

1.9. Approach 29

1.10. Limitations 30

1.11. About the Book 31

References 33

2. Approach and Framework 36

2.1. Introduction 36

2.2. Tracking of Progress: Climate Science 38

2.3. Tracking of Progress: Climate Policies 42

2.4. Tracking of Progress: Infrastructure 47

2.5. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Supporting Climate Smart Practices 49

2.6. Tracking of Progress: Finance (Funding Climate Action) 51

2.7. Summary of Learnings from Literature Review 57

2.8. Implications of Learnings for the New Framework 58

2.9. Nature and Approach of an Integrated Framework 60

2.10. Six Ps Framework: Fields of Application 62

2.11. Six Ps: Relevance for the Farm Sector 64

2.12. Description and Application of the Six Ps Framework 65

2.13. Geopolitical Analysis 65

2.14. Socioeconomic Analysis 66

2.15. Technological Analysis 66

References 68

3. Climate and Agriculture Linkages: An Analysis 72

3.1. Introduction 72

3.2. Framework and Interlinkages of the Six Ps 73

3.3. Description of the Six Ps 75

3.3.1. Geopolitical Analysis (Policies and Place) 75

3.3.2. Socioeconomic Analysis (People and Price) 76

3.3.3. Technological Analysis (Product and Process) 76

3.4. Application of Six Ps Framework 77

3.4.1. Indian Agriculture in Context-Historical and Contemporary 77

3.4.2. Geopolitical Analysis 79

3.4.3. Indian Agriculture's Growth Story: Role of Place 87

3.5. Socioeconomic Analysis (People and Price) 91

3.5.1. Analysis of Demographic Factors: The People 91

3.5.2. Analysis of Economic Factors: Price 97

3.5.3. The Climate Angle 106

3.6. Technological Analysis (Product and Process) 108

3.6.1. The Climate Angle 114

3.7. Summary and Conclusions 115

References 120

4. Climate Finance: The Future of Smart Finance? 124

4.1. Introduction 124

4.2. Context and Trends in Climate Finance 126

4.3. Factors Impacting Climate Funding: Real and Reported 131

4.4. Mitigation vs. Adaptation: Competing or Complementing 134

4.5. Challenges in Adaptation Finance 140

4.6. Funding for Agriculture 141

4.7. Future of Climate Finance 143

References 145

5. Conclusions and Way Forward 148

5.1. Introduction 148

5.2. Findings and Insights 149

5.3. Need for a New Approach for Better Management of Climate Change Impacts 150

5.4. Conclusions and Recommendations 152

5.5. Way Forward for Climate Change Management 153

Reference 155

Tables 6

Table 1.1. Subjects of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Reports 13

Table 3.1. Distribution of Landowners' Social Categories Within Different Landholding Size Categories 93

Table 3.2. Sources of Agricultural Credit Used by Different Size Categories of Landowners, as of 2013 94

Table 3.3. Incomes of Farm Households Across Different Social Categories, 2012-2013 95

Table 3.4. Share of Leased-In Areas and Households Among Total Operated Households in India 96

Table 3.5. Minimum Support Price and Procurement Agency Awareness Among the Agricultural Households 98

Table 3.6. Average Food Inflation Over Different Periods 99

Table 3.7. Market Size of Indian Agricultural Products 100

Table 3.8. Terms of Trade of Agriculture with Other Sectors 101

Figures 6

Figure 1.1. Climate-Related Development Finance to Agriculture and Land Use Sectors, vs. All Sectors, 2000-2020 14

Figure 1.2. Trends in Economic Losses Associated with Natural Disasters in South Asia, 1971-2010 15

Figure 1.3. Events and Impacts of Disasters in South Asia 16

Figure 1.4. Farming Households' Perceptions Regarding Loss of Validity in Traditional Weather Forecasts 22

Figure 2.1. Farm Sector at the Climate Action Crossroads 37

Figure 2.2. Year-Wise Number of Climate Change Papers Published 39

Figure 2.3. Share of Climate Change Papers by Topic 39

Figure 2.4. Propensity to Report Types of Results 43

Figure 2.5. Adaptation Activities Reported by Middle-Income and Emerging Economies 45

Figure 2.6. Type of Adaptation Initiatives in Agriculture Reported 46

Figure 2.7. Development Finance Allocated to the Agriculture and Land Use Sector by Climate Objective 52

Figure 2.8. Climate-Related Development Finance to Agriculture and Land Use Subsectors, 2000-2020 53

Figure 3.1. Structure of Six Ps Framework 74

Figure 3.2. Public and Private Investments as a Percentage of Gross Domestic Product from Agriculture 78

Figure 3.3. India's Installed Solar Capacity, 2018-2021, with Projections for 2022 86

Figure 3.4. India Arable Land, 1963-2021 88

Figure 3.5. Percentage Contribution of Various Sectors to India's Gross Domestic Product, 1950-2015 103

Figure 3.6. India's Gross Domestic Product, 1960-2022 104

Figure 3.7. Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing, Value Added (% of Gross Domestic Product), India 105

Figure 3.8. Timeline of Technological Phases of Agricultural Advancement in India 109

Figure 3.9. Yield Uncertainty Index Across Pulses Before and After the Pulse Revolution 111

Figure 3.10. Cross-Dimensional Linkages of the Six Ps with Climate 117

Figure 4.1. Climate Finance from Developed Countries to Developing Countries 127

Figure 4.2. Sources of Funding, 2013-2021 128

Figure 4.3. Climate Finance by Instrument 129

Figure 4.4. Climate Finance by Use 129

Figure 4.5. Climate Funding by Sector 130

Figure 4.6. Changes in Relative Structure of Funding 132

Figure 4.7. Cost of Solar Panel Prices over Time (Logarithmic Scale) 135

Figure 4.8. Global Annual Average Change in Fossil Fuel Production by Fuel 137

Figure 4.9. Global Annual Average Change in Energy Production by Fuel 138

Figure 4.10. Climate-Related Development Finance to Agriculture and Land Use Subsectors Between 2000 and 2020 142

Boxes 7

Box 4.1. Iberdrola Case Study 136