Title page 1

Contents 4

1. Introduction 6

From culture to culture statistics: a collective process 6

Definitions, scope and guiding principles 7

Eurostat framework for culture statistics and UNESCO 11

Content and structure of the guide 12

2. Cultural employment 13

2.1. Introduction 13

2.2. Data source 13

2.3. Cultural employment methodology 15

2.3.1. Coverage 15

2.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 15

2.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 24

2.4. Dissemination 26

3. Cultural enterprises 28

3.1. Introduction 28

3.2. Data sources 29

3.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 30

3.3.1. Coverage of culture 30

3.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 33

3.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 33

3.4. Dissemination 33

4. International trade in cultural goods 35

4.1. Introduction 35

4.2. Data source 35

4.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 36

4.3.1. Coverage of culture 36

4.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 47

4.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 47

4.4. Dissemination 48

5. International trade in cultural services 50

5.1. Introduction 50

5.2. Data source 50

5.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 51

5.3.1. Coverage of culture 51

5.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 53

5.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 53

5.4. Dissemination 53

6. Harmonised indices of consumer prices for cultural goods and services 55

6.1. Introduction 55

6.2. Data source 55

6.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 56

6.3.1. Coverage of culture 56

6.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 59

6.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 59

6.4. Dissemination 59

7. Public (government) expenditure on culture 61

7.1. Introduction 61

7.2. Data source 61

7.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 62

7.3.1. Coverage of culture 62

7.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 63

7.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 63

7.4. Dissemination 64

8. Participation in cultural activities 65

8.1. Introduction 65

8.2. Data source 65

8.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 66

8.3.1. Coverage of culture 66

8.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 67

8.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 67

8.4. Dissemination 68

9. Culture-related education 71

9.1. Introduction 71

9.2. Data source 71

9.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 73

9.3.1. Coverage of culture 73

9.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 76

9.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 76

9.4. Dissemination 77

10. Use of the internet for cultural purposes 78

10.1. Introduction 78

10.2. Data source 78

10.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 80

10.3.1. Coverage of culture 80

10.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 84

10.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 84

10.4. Dissemination 84

11. Private household expenditure on cultural goods and services 86

11.1. Introduction 86

11.2. Data source 86

11.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 88

11.3.1. Coverage 88

11.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 93

11.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 93

11.4. Dissemination 94

12. Time spent on cultural activities 95

12.1. Introduction 95

12.2. Data source 95

12.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 98

12.3.1. Coverage of culture 98

12.3.2. Data processing for cultural indicators 100

12.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 100

12.4. Dissemination 100

13. City statistics and quality of life in cities 104

13.1. Introduction 104

13.2. Data sources 104

13.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 105

13.3.1. Coverage of culture 105

13.3.2. Data processing and dissemination 106

13.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 106

13.4. Dissemination 106

14. Production of manufactured goods (Prodcom) 107

14.1. Introduction 107

14.2. Data source 107

14.3. Culture-related methodological aspects 108

14.3.1. Coverage of culture 108

14.3.2. Data processing and dissemination 110

14.3.3. Limitations and specific issues 110

14.4. Dissemination 110

Annex I. NACE Rev. 2.1 activities by cultural and creative domain 112

Annex II. NACE Rev. 2.1 activities for culture statistics theoretical and operational scope applied to employment and business statistics 114

Annex III. Scope of culture statistics: correspondence between NACE Rev. 2.1 and NACE Rev. 2 120

Annex IV. Mapping of digital culture in NACE Rev. 2.1 128

Annex V. Links to national websites with data on culture statistics 131

EU Member States 131

EFTA countries 132

EU candidate countries 132

Table 2.1. Cultural employment at the intersection of activity (NACE) and occupation (ISCO) classifications 15

Table 2.2. Economic activities (NACE Rev. 2.1 at two-, three- and four-digit levels) that are fully related to culture (●), partly related to culture (○)... 17

Table 2.3. Occupations (ISCO-08 three- and four-digit levels) that are fully related to culture (●), partly related to culture (○) or not related to culture (-) 21

Table 2.4. Details of digit levels of occupation (ISCO) activity (NACE) classifications available in the EU-LFS 24

Table 3.1. Culture-related economic activities (NACE Rev. 2.1) covered by structural business statistics and business demography statistics (●) 31

Table 4.1. Antiques; postage or revenue stamps; collections and collector's pieces (ANTQ) 38

Table 4.2. Printed media (PRINTED_MEDIA) 39

Table 4.3. Works of arts (paintings, engravings, sculpture, designs and so on) (ART) 39

Table 4.4. Photographic plates and film, exposed and developed (PHOT) 40

Table 4.5. Musical instruments; parts and accessories thereof (MUSI) 40

Table 4.6. Audiovisual and interactive media (films, videos and video games excl. video game consoles); recorded magnetic tapes, optical media (CDs)... 41

Table 4.7. Video game consoles and accessories (VG_CONSOLES) 42

Table 4.8. Equipment enabling access to cultural content (EQUIPMENT) 42

Table 4.9. Craft (handmade fabrics and ornamental articles) (CRAFT) 44

Table 4.10. Articles of jewellery (of precious and semi-precious metals and stones) and imitation jewellery (JEWLR_BIJOU) 46

Table 4.11. Plans and drawings for architectural or other similar purposes (PLAN) 46

Table 6.1. Culture-related HICPs in ECOICOP version 2: fully (●), or partly (○) related to culture 57

Table 9.1. Culture-related fields of education according to ISCED-F 2013 74

Table 10.1. Internet activities of individuals (Eurobase table isoc_ci_ac_i) - list of culture-related variables and availability, 2020-25 (●) 81

Table 10.2. Internet purchases by individuals (Eurobase table isoc_ec_ibgs) - list of culture-related variables and availability, 2020-25 (●) 82

Table 10.3. List of other culture-related variables from the ICT usage survey before 2020, available in Eurobase 83

Table 11.1. Survey frequency and data collection years for HBS 2010, 2015 and 2020 waves 87

Table 11.2. Cultural categories in ECOICOP version 1 that are fully (●) or partly (○) related to culture 90

Table 11.3. Cultural categories in COICOP 2018 (ECOICOP version 2) that are fully (●) or partly (○) related to culture 91

Table 12.1. National survey reference years for 2000, 2010 and 2020 HETUS waves 96

Table 12.2. Selected activities based on ACL 2018 (HETUS 2020) that are fully related to culture (●), partly related to culture (○) or not related to culture (-) 99

Table 12.3. Partly or fully cultural activities in Eurobase, HETUS 2000, 2010 and 2020 (based on ACL 2000 and ACL 2018 coding lists) 102

Table 14.1. Cultural products in the 2025 Prodcom list 108