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Title page 1

Contents 4

Foreword 5

Abbreviations and acronyms 7

PART 1. Progress on universal health coverage and health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO South-East Asia Region: Key highlights 9

PART 2. Leveraging climate and health monitoring for public health action 53

PART 3. Country-specific UHC and SDG data profiles 85

BANGLADESH 86

BHUTAN 93

DPR KOREA 100

INDIA 107

MALDIVES 114

MYANMAR 121

NEPAL 128

SRI LANKA 135

THAILAND 142

TIMOR-LESTE 149

PART 4. Country-specific climate and health profiles 156

BANGLADESH 157

BHUTAN 164

MALDIVES 170

MYANMAR 176

NEPAL 182

SRI LANKA 189

THAILAND 195

TIMOR-LESTE 201

Annex 1. Methods to calculate the UHC service coverage index, SDG 3.8.1 208

Annex 2. Data sources used in the calculation of the UHC SCI (SDG 3.8.1) 210

Annex 3. Method to calculate financial hardship 212

Annex 4. The health and other health-related SDGs indicator list 214

Tables 24

PART 1. Progress on universal health coverage and health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO South-East Asia Region: Key highlights 24

Table 1. Under-five and neonatal mortality rate by Member State in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2024 estimates and 2030 projections 24

Table 2. HIV estimates in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2010 and 2025 28

PART 2. Leveraging climate and health monitoring for public health action 66

Table 1. An indicator-based approach to leverage climate and health monitoring for public health action in the WHO SE Asia Region 66

Table 2. Comparison of forecasted and observed dengue cases, Sri Lanka, weeks 20-22, 2026 71

Table 3. Top hazards by municipality as identified by the stakeholders at the inception workshop vs top disease burden... 76

Figures 11

PART 1. Progress on universal health coverage and health-related Sustainable Development Goals in the WHO South-East Asia Region: Key highlights 11

Fig. 1. Regional trends in UHC SCI and sub-indices, WHO SE Asia Region, 2015-2023 11

Fig. 2. UHC SCI and sub-indices scores in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2023 13

Fig. 3. Trends in the poverty rate and impoverishing OOP health spending, WHO SE Asia Region, 2000-2022 15

Fig. 4. Patterns of financial hardship across household consumption quintiles, WHO SE Asia Region, by the latest available year 15

Fig. 5. People in the Region are living longer, but the gap between life expectancy and healthy life expectancy has remained unchanged 18

Fig. 6. Women live longer than men but spend more years in poor health and the Region trails the global average on both measures 19

Fig. 7. Maternal mortality ratio in the WHO SE Asia Region and globally, 2015-2023 21

Fig. 8. Maternal mortality ratio by Member States, 2015-2023 22

Fig. 9. Regional trends in under-five and neonatal mortality rates 2015-2024 and 2030 projections 24

Fig. 10. Coverage of essential childhood and adolescent immunization in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2015-2025 26

Fig. 11. Malaria incidence in the WHO SE Asia Region and by Member States, 2024 33

Fig. 12. People requiring NTD interventions in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2010-2024, vs the trajectory required to reach the 2030 target... 34

Fig. 13. Suicide mortality rate in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2000-2021, compared with 2030 SDG target 37

Fig. 14. Crude suicide rate, WHO SE Asia Region Member States, 2015-2021 38

Fig. 15. Percentage of the population with access to safely managed drinking water in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2000-2024 40

Fig. 16. The percentage of the population with access to safely managed drinking water by country in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2000-2024 41

Fig. 17. The percentage of the population using safely managed sanitation services in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2000-2024 42

Fig. 18. Percentage of the population using safely managed sanitation services by country in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2000 and 2024 43

Fig. 19. Percentage of the population with basic handwashing facilities at home, by country in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2020-2024 43

Fig. 20. Annual mean ambient PM2.5 exposure (μg/m³) in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2010-2023 44

Fig. 21. Annual mean ambient PM2.5 exposure (μg/m³): 2010 vs 2023, by country in the WHO SE Asia Region 45

Fig. 22. Availability of doctors, nurses and midwives among countries in the WHO SE Asia Region, 2019-2024 46

Fig. 23. IHR (2005) Core Capacity scores by Member State, WHO SE Asia Region, 2021-2025 47

PART 2. Leveraging climate and health monitoring for public health action 56

Fig. 1. The pattern of air pollution attributable mortality rate (per 100 000 population, age-standardized), SDG indicator 3.9., in the WHO... 56

Fig. 2. The pathways of climate change impacts on mental health 61

Fig. 3. All sets of indicators were sized relative to the number emerging in each area from evaluations of the causal pathways between climate... 62

Fig. 4. An example of climate data used for prediction modelling (June 2023-June 2026) 70

Fig. 5. NDCU National Weekly Dengue Forecast Report, based on data up to week 22, predicting increasing dengue transmission in weeks 23-26, 2026 71

Fig. 6. NDCU Weekly Dengue Forecast Report, based on data up to week 22, predicting increasing dengue transmission in weeks 23-26, 2026,... 71

Fig. 7. An example of high-risk areas (probabilities 〉70% in pink) that are priorities for targeted vector control based on predefined rules... 72

Fig. 8. The prevalence of acute respiratory tract infections across municipalities in Timor-Leste (2022-2023) 76

Fig. 9. An evidence-based approach to building health systems resilience to climate-effects - key recommendations from Timor-Leste V&A (2023) 77

Boxes 67

Box 1. From data to public health action 67

Box 2. Distinguishing between monitoring, forecasting, projection and attribution 68

Box 3. The use of weather and climate data to predict dengue outbreaks and protect communities in Sri Lanka - a case study in climate... 69

Box 4. Selected major global initiatives and coordinating mechanisms to strengthen climate services and promote climate-resilient health systems 79

Annex Figures 209

Fig. A1.1. Schematic of UHC SCI (SDG 3.8.1) components and calculation 209

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