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Title page 1

Contents 4

ABSTRACTS 5

FOREWORD: CITIES AND CITIZENS AT THE HEART OF CLIMATE RESILIENCE 8

INTRODUCTION: THE URBAN DIMENSION TO BUILDING CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND PREPAREDNESS 10

ON THE STATE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN EUROPEAN CITIES: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES AND STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO KEY CLIMATE RISKS 15

1. Introduction 15

2. What cities are doing 16

2.1. Institutional and organisational aspects of climate adaptation 16

2.2. Municipal staff working on climate adaptation 16

2.3. Experienced climate impacts and risks 17

2.4. Implementing nature-based solutions 19

2.5. Implementing responses to heat 21

2.6. Implementing responses to flooding 22

3. Needs and challenges: why adaptation gaps persist 23

4. Emerging directions: what looks promising 25

5. Implications and key messages 26

References 27

FINANCING URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN EUROPE 29

1. Introduction: the adaptation finance challenge in cities 29

2. What cities are doing: how adaptation is currently financed and operationalised 30

2.1. Current funding mix and instruments (what is actually financing adaptation) 30

2.2. Institutionalising adaptation finance: from plans to finance strategies 32

2.3. Budget integration and tracking (a visibility problem) 32

2.4. Risk-informed and evidence-based programming and prioritisation (tools, data, decision practices) 33

3. Needs and challenges: why the gap persists 34

3.1. The "public budget dependence" trap and competing mandates 34

3.2. The pipeline/capacity/evidence gap (including valuation, prioritisation and financial integration) 34

3.3. Access and enabling-environment constraints (rules, transaction costs and limited instrument diversification) 36

4. Emerging directions: what looks promising (and under what conditions) 36

4.1. Embedding adaptation in budget rules and processes 36

4.2. Building funder-ready pipelines from risk assessments 37

4.3. Reducing access barriers 37

4.4. Diversification of instruments 37

5. Implications and key messages 38

5.1. What cities can do 38

5.2. What national frameworks should change/support 39

5.3. What EU frameworks and international financiers should change/support 39

5.4. Five key highlights 39

References 40

DATA AND MONITORING IN URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION ACROSS EUROPE 42

1. Introduction 42

2. What cities are doing 43

3. Needs and challenges 48

4. Emerging directions 49

5. Implications and key messages 49

References 51

PARTNERSHIPS AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT STRATEGIES ACROSS EUROPEAN CITIES 52

1. Introduction: bridging climate plans and people's capacities 52

2. What are cities doing? 53

2.1. Which are the most valuable partnerships, and why? 53

2.2. From valuing contributions to sharing data, knowledge, and potential actions 54

2.3. From communication to engagement and co-implementation? 56

3. Needs and challenges: skills and knowledge gaps 56

3.1. How to move toward co-implementation? 56

3.2. From skills and gaps to community pushback and behavioral challenges 58

4. Emerging directions: responding to people's resistance to change 59

5. Implications and key messages 61

References 62

THE KEY ROLE OF BUILDINGS AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN ACHIEVING CLIMATE RESILIENCE 64

1A. Introduction: climate resilience and the built environment 64

2A. What cities are doing 65

3A. Needs and challenges 68

4A. Emerging directions 68

5A. Implications and key messages 69

1B. Introduction: the role of capacity building for climate resilience 70

2B. What cities are doing in terms of capacity building 71

3B. Needs and challenges 72

4B. Emerging directions 77

5B. Implications and key messages 78

References 80

CONCLUSION: WHAT IS NEEDED FROM THE UPCOMING EUROPEAN CLIMATE RISK AND RESILIENCE INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK... 83

Figures 18

ON THE STATE OF CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN EUROPEAN CITIES: INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITIES AND STRATEGIC RESPONSES TO KEY CLIMATE RISKS 18

Figure 1. Ranking of main climate-related threats and risks 18

Figure 2. Impact of hazards on European cities depending on the risk/ threat metric, or damage category used 18

Figure 3. Prioritisation of nature-based solutions as part of policies and measures for climate adaptation 19

Figure 4. Support needed to accelerate the use of NbS and greening for adaptation cities 20

Figure 5. Climate adaptation plans that dedicatedly address heat exposure of vulnerable people in social institutions 21

FINANCING URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION IN EUROPE 31

Figure 1. Survey answers to traditional financing for adaptation measures in cities 31

Figure 2. Survey answers to innovative and non-traditional sources of finance for adaptation measures in cities 31

Figure 3. Survey responses to tools or methods used to evaluate adaptation costs, benefits and co-benefits, and prioritise climate adaptation measures 35

DATA AND MONITORING IN URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION ACROSS EUROPE 44

Figure 1. What types of climate-related data does your city collect for climate adaptation? 44

Figure 2. What challenges does your city face in collecting or accessing climate data for adaptation planning? 46

Figure 3. Stakeholders involved in drafting emergency preparedness plans 47

PARTNERSHIPS AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT STRATEGIES ACROSS EUROPEAN CITIES 54

Figure 1. Perceived importance of stakeholders 54

Figure 2. Support to active involvement of citizens or community initiatives in climate adaptation solutions 55

THE KEY ROLE OF BUILDINGS AND CAPACITY BUILDING IN ACHIEVING CLIMATE RESILIENCE 66

Figure 1. Percentage of cities in the sample with mandatory building codes for climate-resilient new buildings, classified by city size 66

Figure 2. Percentage of cities in the sample with and without mandatory building codes for climate-resilient targets for retrofitting buildings,... 67

Figure 3. Distribution of responses from cities regarding the key factors in building capacity on climate adaptation, by city size 72

Figure 4. Distribution of responses from cities, classified by size, regarding the main challenges in integrating climate adaptation into urban planning... 73

Figure 5. Distribution of responses from cities, classified by size, regarding the top three challenges for building capacity to address climate adaptation 74

Figure 6. Distribution of responses from cities, classified by size, regarding the biggest challenges for building capacity in climate adaptation 75

Figure 7. Distribution of the first three top choices for capacity building among the available options 76

Figure 8. Distribution of the bottom three choices for capacity building among the available options 76

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