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Title page 1

Contents 5

CONTRIBUTORS 8

LIST OF ACRONYMS 12

INTRODUCTION 15

1. The EU and its Democracy Support: Discursive and Behavioural Practices, Contestation, Democratic (Un)Learning 16

1.1. Scope and research questions 19

1.2. A taxonomy of multilevel contestation within the EU 21

1.3. EU external practices and democracy 23

Conclusion 25

References 26

PART I. TAXONOMIES OF EUROPEAN CONTESTATIONS 31

2. Who Is to Blame? European Contesting Narratives to EU's Democracy Support in Lebanon 32

2.1. Mapping the actors: Who speaks in Europe about Lebanon's democracy? 34

2.2. Mapping the contestation 36

Conclusions 45

References 48

3. European Contestations of EU Democracy Support in Palestine 52

3.1. Background: Context and pre-7 October narratives 53

3.2. Actors mapping and general contours of post-7 October narratives 56

3.3. Selected elements of EU narratives and contestation post-7 October 59

Conclusion 64

References 66

4. European Contestations of EU Democracy Support in Tunisia 75

4.1. Framing the democratic backsliding in Tunisia 77

4.2. The incremental narrative 78

4.3. Tunisia backsliding with EU complicity? 81

Conclusions 84

References 85

5. European Contestations of EU Democracy Support in Armenia, Georgia and Ukraine 89

5.1. Historical turning points in Georgia, Armenia and Ukraine 90

5.2. Mapping key actors and analysing discourse on democracy support across historical turning points 93

Conclusions 115

References 122

PART II. DEMOCRATICNESS OF EUROPEAN FOREIGN POLICY PRACTICES 130

6. EU Foreign Policy Practices and Democracy Support in Lebanon 131

6.1. Migration and refugees 132

6.2. Security 135

6.3. Border management 136

6.4. Democracy and elections 138

6.5. Presidential elections 140

6.6. Trade 141

Conclusion 142

References 144

7. Democracy and Security in EU Foreign Policy Practices in Palestine 150

7.1. Defining the concept of democraticness 151

7.2. Assessing democraticness of EU foreign policy practices in Palestine 153

7.3. Absence of (un)learning 160

Conclusion 162

References 164

8. EU Security Practices and Democracy Support in Tunisia 166

8.1. Conceptual definition of democraticness 168

8.2. July 2021 and Tunisia's critical juncture 169

8.3. From democratic security reform to security assistance 171

8.4. Assessing EU (un)learning in Tunisia 175

Conclusion 179

References 180

9. Between Security and Democracy Support: The EU's Evolving Foreign Policy Engagement with Armenia 184

9.1. Assessing democratic nature of EU foreign policy practices 186

9.2. Historic turning points in the EU-Armenia relations 2013-2023 and potential moments of epiphany 187

9.3. EU lessons learnt? 194

Conclusion 196

References 199

10. EU Foreign Policy Practices and Democracy Support in Ukraine 203

10.1. Historic turning points in the EU-Ukraine relations since 2013 and potential moments of epiphany 204

10.2. Conclusion: EU lessons learnt? 213

References 215

11. EU Democracy Support and Civil Society in Georgia 218

11.1. Analytical framework and research questions 219

11.2. EU civil society support in Georgia: An overview 220

11.3. EaP Civil Society Forum: A case of the Georgian National Platform 223

Conclusions 226

References 228

CONCLUSION 231

12. Fragmented Practices, Shared Lessons: EU Democracy Support in the Eastern and Southern Neighbourhoods 232

12.1. Fragmented democratic practices in the EU's neighbourhoods 233

12.2. Perceptions of EU democracy support in the neighbourhoods 239

12.3. Putting the democracy learning loop into practice 240

References 243