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Title page 1

Contents 5

Contributors 7

List of abbreviations 10

Foreword 12

Introduction 15

1. Digital Transformation in Africa: From Gaps to Goals 21

1.1. Unpacking the digital divide in Africa 21

1.2. Digital connectivity: Despite improvements, Africa still lags behind globally 24

1.3. In Africa, access to electricity and infrastructure remain key foundational challenges 26

1.4. Steady digital gains across the continent, but access remains uneven 29

1.5. Gender and educational disparities between and within African states 32

1.6. Recommendations towards Africa's digital transformation 34

References 36

2. Digital Transformation: Aligning Italy's Piano Mattei with African Development Priorities 39

2.1. The spirit driving Africa's technological revolution 40

2.2. Africa's digital infrastructure for inclusive growth and service delivery 42

2.3. Ghana's e-justice project 45

2.4. Unlocking Africa's agricultural potential: Harnessing AI for a climate-resilient future 46

2.5. Plugging Africa's digital infrastructure and skills gaps 48

2.6. Navigating geopolitical competition: Strengthening Italy's digital partnerships with Africa 51

2.7. Policy recommendations 53

References 54

3. Italy-Africa Digital Partnership under the Mattei Plan 58

3.1. Building Africa's next frontier: Unlocking infrastructure investment through digital public infrastructure 59

3.2. Bridging capital market gaps: Strengthening local investment ecosystems for inclusive growth 63

3.3. Plugging Africa's digital infrastructure and skills gaps 66

3.4. Policy recommendations 69

References 70

4. Digital Transformation in Africa: The Role of International Cooperation and the Mattei Plan 74

4.1. Challenges of digitalisation in Africa 75

4.2. International cooperation for Africa's digitalisation 78

4.3. Digitalisation in Italy: The state of play 83

Conclusion 88

References 89

5. Global Gateway and Mattei Plan: Advancing EU-Africa Digital Cooperation for Inclusive Growth 95

5.1. Advancing EU-Africa digital cooperation for inclusive growth and shared prosperity 97

5.2. Leveraging Africa's digital public infrastructure for inclusive growth and governance 102

5.3. The EU's menu of offers: Global Gateway and Team Europe 104

5.4. The Global Gateway and the Mattei Plan: Different strategies, same vision? 106

5.5. Recommendations for the EU-Africa digital partnership 108

References 109

Conclusion 113

Tables 79

4. Digital Transformation in Africa: The Role of International Cooperation and the Mattei Plan 79

Table 1. World Bank projects in Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, Mozambique and Senegal 79

5. Global Gateway and Mattei Plan: Advancing EU-Africa Digital Cooperation for Inclusive Growth 99

Table 1. Africa's submarine cables supported by the Global Gateway 99

Figures 23

1. Digital Transformation in Africa: From Gaps to Goals 23

Figure 1. African undersea cables 23

Figure 2. Access to electricity (IIAG sub-indicator) in Africa, 2014-2023 27

Figure 3. Infrastructure (IIAG sub-category): best and worst performing countries in Africa, 2014-2023 28

Figure 4. Top 10 African countries: Women with access to a mobile money account (2021) 33

2. Digital Transformation: Aligning Italy's Piano Mattei with African Development Priorities 43

Figure 1. Public service delivery in African countries with varying levels of fragility 43

Figure 2. GovTech Maturity Index (GTMI) in 2022 44

Figure 3. Deployment of AI across the agriculture value-chain in Africa 47

Figure 4. Most active countries in developing AI solutions in agriculture 48

3. Italy-Africa Digital Partnership under the Mattei Plan 60

Figure 1. Prevalence of systems meeting DPI criteria across global regions 60

Figure 2. Global tax-to-GDP ratios for 2012 and 2022 61

Figure 3. Investors participating in venture capital in Africa, 2014-2024 64

Figure 4. Expat founders receive more funding than locals 64

Figure 5. Venture capital deals by sector 65

Figure 6. Fibre infrastructure per population density in Africa 67

5. Global Gateway and Mattei Plan: Advancing EU-Africa Digital Cooperation for Inclusive Growth 100

Figure 1. Data centres worldwide 100

Figure 2. Internet penetration rates in Africa 103

Boxes 22

Box 1. Defining the digital divide 22

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