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https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/health-at-a-glance-latin-america-and-the-caribbean-2026_445b3259-en.html
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Title page 1
Contents 5
Foreword 4
Reader's guide 8
Executive summary 11
1. Quality of care in Latin America and the Caribbean 13
Introduction 14
Quality of care in Latin America and the Caribbean measured through internationally comparable indicators 14
Policy and institutional quality of care landscape 18
Policies, legal and regulatory frameworks, and key organisations promoting quality of care 22
Strategic planning of health workforce as a crucial step for assuring professional quality 24
Certification, recertification and continuous professional development at the core of countries' regulatory approach for quality assurance... 24
Accreditation and quality assurance of health services 26
Ensuring safety and quality of technologies 28
Quality indicators, national audit studies and practice guidelines 30
Financial incentives to increase healthcare quality 32
Patient safety and medical malpractice 33
People-centred and integrated care 34
Concluding remarks and actionable recommendations for the Region 36
References 41
Notes 42
2. Inequalities in health and healthcare in Latin America and the Caribbean 43
Introduction 44
Stylised facts on Health Inequalities in LAC 45
How LAC countries respond to inequities: Insights from the 2025 equity survey 49
Concluding remarks and actionable priorities 65
Actionable priorities for the region 66
References 67
3. Health status 69
Life expectancy at birth 70
Infant and neonatal mortality 72
Under age 5 mortality 74
Adolescent mortality 76
Mortality from all causes 78
Mortality from cardiovascular diseases 80
Mortality from cancer 82
Mortality from injuries 84
Maternal mortality 86
Mental health 88
Tuberculosis 90
HIV/AIDS 92
Mosquito borne diseases 94
Diabetes 96
4. Determinants of health 98
Family planning 99
Child malnutrition 101
Adolescent health 103
Overweight and obese adults 105
Diet and nutrition 107
Water and sanitation 109
Tobacco 111
Alcohol and drug use 113
Road safety 115
Environmental and climate risks 117
5. Health data and health system infrastructure 119
Health data availability 120
Health data use and capacities 122
Medical technologies: Radiotherapy equipment 124
Hospital care 126
Pregnancy and birth 128
Child healthcare 130
6. Health expenditure and financing 132
Health expenditure per capita and in relation to GDP 133
Financing of healthcare from government and compulsory health insurance schemes 135
Financing of healthcare from households' out-of-pocket payments, voluntary payment schemes and external resources 137
Financial protection 139
7. Quality of care 141
Avoidable mortality (preventable and treatable) 142
Childhood vaccination programmes 144
Avoidable hospital admissions 146
In-hospital mortality following acute myocardial infarction and stroke 148
Cancer care 150
Patient safety and safe prescribing 152
8. Health workforce 154
Doctors 155
Nurses and midwifes 157
Dentists, pharmacists, and physiotherapists 159
Community health workers and environmental and occupational health 161
Graduates 163
Stock of migrant doctors and nurses to OECD countries 165
9. Ageing 167
Demographic trends 168
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy at age 60 170
Drivers of long-term care needs and system response 172
Paid and unpaid caregivers 174
Caregiver training and time burden 176
Figure 1.1. Implementation status of quality of care mechanisms across 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 21
Figure 1.2. Positioning quality of care within overall health system strategy in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 22
Figure 1.3. Institutional mechanisms to learn from success in quality of care in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 23
Figure 1.4. Implementation of a National Health Workforce Strategy by Sector in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 24
Figure 1.5. Mandatory CME/CPD, certification, re-certification, and national exams in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 25
Figure 1.6. Accreditation status by care setting in 19 Latin American and Caribbean countries 26
Figure 1.7. Treatable and preventable mortality in Paraguay are back to regional average levels 27
Figure 1.8. Reported barriers to the implementation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines across 19 Latin American and Caribbean... 31
Figure 1.9. People's Voice Survey: Selected quality of care indicators in LAC countries, 2025 35
Figure 2.1. Inequality ratios in maternal and child health by education, wealth and place of residence 45
Figure 2.2. Out-of-pocket expenditure by insurance scheme, share of total OOP, 2012-2021 47
Figure 2.3. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to ambient particulate matter per 1000 inhabitants, by sex, 2019 (or latest year) 48
Figure 2.4. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to ambient particulate matter per 1000 inhabitants, by age 49
Figure 2.5. Population groups countries identified as facing the greatest inequities 52
Figure 2.6. Equity-sensitive financing mechanisms 53
Figure 2.7. Policies to reach underserved populations 55
Figure 2.8. Digital inclusion policies for vulnerable groups 57
Figure 2.9. Electronic health record (EHR) and health information systems (HIS) 58
Figure 2.10. EHR / HIS systems capturing social stratification 59
Figure 2.11. Availability of disaggregated indicators by domain 60
Figure 2.12. Availability of regular equity reports 61
Figure 2.13. Mechanisms for intersectoral co-ordination 62
Figure 2.14. Joint programs linking health services with social protection programs 63
Figure 2.15. Equity considerations in emergency and disaster preparedness plans 65
Figure 3.1. Life expectancy at birth, by sex, 2010 and 2024 (or latest year) 71
Figure 3.2. Survival rate to age 65, 2024 71
Figure 3.3. Life expectancy at birth and GDP per capita, 2024 71
Figure 3.4. Infant mortality rates, 2010 and 2021-2024 73
Figure 3.5. Neonatal mortality rates, 2010 and 2020-2023 73
Figure 3.6. Under age 5 mortality rates, 2010 and 2024 75
Figure 3.7. Cause-specific under-5 mortality per 10,000 live births, 2023 (or latest year) 75
Figure 3.8. Under 5 age mortality per 1 000 live births and CHE PPP, 2024 (or latest available) 75
Figure 3.9. Adolescent mortality rates, 2010 and 2023 77
Figure 3.10. Adolescent mortality rate, per 1 000 females and males aged 10-14 and 15-19, 2023 77
Figure 3.11. Adult mortality rate, 2024 and all-cause mortality rates, 2010, 2019 and 2023 (or latest year) 79
Figure 3.12. Proportions of all cause deaths, 2023 (or nearest year) 79
Figure 3.13. Mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases for 2010, 2019 and 2023 and by sex 81
Figure 3.14. Proportions of deaths per type of cardiovascular disease, 2023 (or nearest year) 81
Figure 3.15. Cancer mortality rates in 2010 and 2023 (or latest year) and by sex 83
Figure 3.16. Proportions of cancer deaths, 2023 (or latest year) 83
Figure 3.17. Mortality by injuries, male and female and by type, 2023 (or latest year) 85
Figure 3.18. Growth rates of road traffic accidents, self-harm and violence mortality, 2000-2023 (or latest year) 85
Figure 3.19. Estimated maternal mortality ratio, 2023, and percentage change since 2000 87
Figure 3.20. Association between maternal mortality and skilled birth attendance coverage (left), antenatal care coverage (right), 2023... 87
Figure 3.21. Estimates of prevalence of depression or symptoms of depression, 2024 89
Figure 3.22. Estimates of prevalence of anxiety or symptoms of anxiety, 2024 89
Figure 3.23. Deaths by self-inflicted injuries, 2010 and 2023 (or latest year) 89
Figure 3.24. Tuberculosis incidence rate and confirmed cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis, 2024 91
Figure 3.25. Change in tuberculosis incidence rate 2000-2024 and Tuberculosis treatment success for new cases, 2023 (or latest available) 91
Figure 3.26. HIV prevalence rate, percentage of adults aged 15-19, and people living with HIV, absolute number in thousands, 2024 93
Figure 3.27. Antiretroviral therapy coverage amongst people living with HIV (2024) and new HIV infections 93
Figure 3.28. Malaria incidence and estimated deaths, 2022-2023 95
Figure 3.29. Dengue incidence and mortality, 2024 (or latest year) 95
Figure 3.30. Zika incidence, 2023-2024 95
Figure 3.31. Prevalence of diabetes 2011 and 2024, and percentage of adults with diabetes 2022 97
Figure 3.32. Diabetes-attributable mortality, 2024 97
Figure 4.1. Contraceptive prevalence - any modern method (among women aged 15-49 years), 2025 100
Figure 4.2. Proportion of women of reproductive age (aged 15-49 years) who have their need for family planning satisfied with modern methods 100
Figure 4.3. Adolescent birth rate per 1000 women, 2023 or latest year 100
Figure 4.4. Prevalence of stunting and wasting amongst children under age 5, 2020 or latest year available 102
Figure 4.5. Under age 5 mortality and stunting prevalence, 2023 or latest year available 102
Figure 4.6. Prevalence of overweight amongst children under age 5, 2024 or latest available year 102
Figure 4.7. Prevalence of obesity among adolescents by sex, 2022 104
Figure 4.8. Prevalence of current tobacco smoking, 2024, and heavy episodic alcohol drinking in the past 30 days, 2019, among adolescents 104
Figure 4.9. Adolescent birth rate, 2023 (or latest year) 104
Figure 4.10. Prevalence of obesity among adults by sex, 2022 (crude estimates) 106
Figure 4.11. Obesity among adults, p.p. change 2012-2022, by sex (crude estimates) 106
Figure 4.12. Overweight among adults, p.p. change 2012-2022, by sex (crude estimates) 106
Figure 4.13. Consumption of packaged ultra-processed salty snacks, by urban and rural areas, 2023 (or latest year) 108
Figure 4.14. Zero vegetable or fruit consumption, by rural and urban areas, 2023 (or latest year) 108
Figure 4.15. Fast food consumption, by rural and urban areas, 2023 (or latest year) 108
Figure 4.16. Access to basic sanitation, 2024 and change between 2014-2024 110
Figure 4.17. Share of the population with access to basic drinking water, 2024 and change between 2014-2024 110
Figure 4.18. Current tobacco use prevalence, age-standardised, 2025, by sex 112
Figure 4.19. Prevalence of current e-cigarette among adults, 2024 112
Figure 4.20. Retail price of a box of 20 cigarettes (most sold brand) in USD and national taxes, 2024 112
Figure 4.21. Total alcohol per capita (15+) consumption (in litres of pure alcohol), by beverage type, 2022 114
Figure 4.22. Drug poisoning deaths rates, 2010, 2019 and 2023 (or latest year) 114
Figure 4.23. Alcohol-specific death rates, 2010, 2019 and 2023 (or latest available) 114
Figure 4.24. Road traffic death rates, by sex, 2023 (or latest year) 116
Figure 4.25. Costs of Heat-Related Mortality, 2024 118
Figure 4.26. Absolute change in basic reproduction number (R0) for dengue transmission by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitos... 118
Figure 4.27. Mortality rate attributed to household and ambient air pollution, by sex, 2019 118
Figure 5.1. Maturity in data linkages across care settings, 2025 123
Figure 5.2. Secondary use of health data, 2025 123
Figure 5.3. Radiotherapy equipment per 1000 cancer cases, 2024 or latest year available 125
Figure 5.4. Proportion of radiotherapy equipment located in the country's capital or two major cities. Latest available 125
Figure 5.5. Total hospital beds and beds for psychiatric care 127
Figure 5.6. Hospital discharges and average length of stay for acute care in hospitals, latest year available 127
Figure 5.7. Antenatal care coverage: at least four visits, 2024 or latest year available 129
Figure 5.8. Births attended by skilled health personnel and births delivered in a health facility, 2024 or latest year available 129
Figure 5.9. Children (under age 5) who had diarrhoea and received oral rehydration therapy and those seen in a health facility, 2023 or latest... 131
Figure 5.10. Children under age 5 with acute respiratory infection symptoms whom advice or treatment was sought from a health facility... 131
Figure 6.1. Total expenditure on health per capita in 2024 and change in total expenditure on health as a share of GDP since 2014 134
Figure 6.2. Figure 2 Growth rate in health spending and GDP per capita, and Health Capital Expenditure as percentage GDP 134
Figure 6.3. Change in government health expenditure as a share of GDP, 2015-2024 136
Figure 6.4. Change of government share in current expenditure on health, 2015-2024 136
Figure 6.5. Change in health expenditure by government and compulsory (public) insurance scheme as a share of government expenditure,... 136
Figure 6.6. Change in out-of-pocket spending as a share of current expenditure on health, 2015-2024 138
Figure 6.7. Change in voluntary healthcare payment schemes as a share of current expenditure on health, 2015-2024 138
Figure 6.8. Change in external resources as a share of current health expenditure, 2015-2024 138
Figure 6.9. Out-of-pocket health expenditure as a share of final household consumption, 2015-2024 140
Figure 6.10. Voluntary healthcare expenditure as a share of final household consumption, 2015-2024 140
Figure 7.1. Mortality from avoidable causes, 2023 (or latest year) 143
Figure 7.2. Mortality from treatable causes, 2023 (or latest year) 143
Figure 7.3. Mortality from preventable causes, 2023 (or latest year) 143
Figure 7.4. Vaccination rates for diphtheria, tetanus toxoid and pertussis children aged one, 2024 145
Figure 7.5. Measles-containing-vaccine first and second-dose immunisation coverage among 1-year-olds and by the locally recommended... 145
Figure 7.6. Hepatitis B immunisation coverage among 1-year-olds, 2024 145
Figure 7.7. Asthma and COPD hospital admissions in adults, 2024 (or nearest year) 147
Figure 7.8. Congestive heart failure and diabetes hospital admissions in adults, 2024 (or nearest year) 147
Figure 7.9. In-hospital case-fatality rates within 30 days after admission for AMI, patients 45 years old and over, 2024 (or latest year) 149
Figure 7.10. In-hospital case-fatality rates within 30 days after admission for ischemic stroke, patients 45 years old and over, 2024... 149
Figure 7.11. In-hospital case-fatality rates within 30 days after admission for haemorrhagic stroke, patients 45 years old and over, 2024... 149
Figure 7.12. Mortality for treatable cancers, 2023 and 10-year difference 151
Figure 7.13. 5-year Cancer Survival Index for six WHO tracer childhood cancers combined diagnosed 2015-2019 151
Figure 7.14. Countries that met or partially met criteria of the Global Patient Safety Action Plan 2021-2030 153
Figure 7.15. Country average AMC expressed in DiD, according to the therapeutical group, during the period 2019-2022 153
Figure 8.1. Doctors per 1 000 population, 2023 or latest year available 156
Figure 8.2. Share of female doctors, 2023 or latest year available 156
Figure 8.3. Share of doctors aged 55 years or more, latest year available 156
Figure 8.4. Nurses and midwives per 1 000 population, latest year available 158
Figure 8.5. Midwives per 10,000 population 158
Figure 8.6. Ratio of nurses (incl. midwifes) to doctors, latest year available 158
Figure 8.7. Dentists per 10,000 population, latest year available 160
Figure 8.8. Pharmacists per 10,000 population, latest year available 160
Figure 8.9. Physiotherapists per 10,000 population, latest year available 160
Figure 8.10. Community health workers per 10,000 population, latest year available 162
Figure 8.11. Environmental and occupational health inspectors and associates per 100,000 population, latest year available 162
Figure 8.12. Environmental and occupational health and hygiene professionals 162
Figure 8.13. Medical graduates per 100,000 population, latest year available 164
Figure 8.14. Nursing graduates per 100,000 population, latest year available 164
Figure 8.15. Pharmacy graduates per 100,000 population, latest year available 164
Figure 8.16. Stocks of migrant doctors to the OECD by country of origin and emigration rates 166
Figure 8.17. Stocks of migrant nurses to the OECD by country of origin and emigration rates 166
Figure 9.1. Current estimate and projected share of the population aged 65 and 80 years or older, 2023 and 2050 169
Figure 9.2. Current estimate and projected rate of population aged 15-64 to population aged 65 or older, 2023 and 2050 169
Figure 9.3. Life expectancy at age 60, by sex, 2000 and 2021 171
Figure 9.4. Healthy life years at age 60, by sex, 2021 171
Figure 9.5. Prevalence of functional dependence by presence of chronic conditions 173
Figure 9.6. Expenditure in long-term care services as a share of current health expenditure, 2023 (or latest year) 173
Figure 9.7. Deaths rate for Alzheimer and other dementias per 100,000 population, 2014 and 2024 173
Figure 9.8. Percentage of paid caregivers for older people 175
Figure 9.9. Percentage of unpaid caregivers 175
Figure 9.10. Percentage of caregivers by level of training 177
Figure 9.11. Time caregivers spend providing care for older people in hours/week, by sex 177
Boxes 19
Box 1.1. OECD Health at a Glance Latin America and the Caribbean 2026: Survey of quality of care policies 19
Box 1.2. Mandatory accreditation in Paraguay and care outcomes 27
Box 1.3. HTA strengthens healthcare quality: Selected OECD country experiences 29
Box 1.4. How selected LAC countries embed quality in provider payment reforms 33
Box 1.5. Patient Reported Experiences: A key element in quality-of-care performance assessment 35
Box 1.6. The "Salud Mesoamerica" Initiative: An equity-focussed model for quality improvement and results 40
Box 2.1. Health system segmentation and financial protection: The case of Peru 47
Box 2.2. Health at a Glance Latin America and the Caribbean 2026: Survey of Inequality and Inequity in Healthcare Policies 50
Box 2.3. Out-of-pocket spending and financial hardship in OECD countries 54
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