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https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/economic-convergence-scoreboard-for-the-western-balkans-2026_0d625fbe-en.html
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Title page 1
Contents 6
Foreword 4
Acknowledgements 5
Reader's Guide 10
Abbreviations and acronyms 13
Executive summary 15
1. Introduction 20
Context and rationale 20
EU integration 21
Report scope 23
References 24
Notes 24
2. Macro-financial stability cluster 26
MS.01. Inflation rate 29
MS.02. Exchange rate stability 30
MS.03. General government balance 31
MS.04. Long-term government interest rates 32
MS.05. Current account balance 33
References 34
Notes 36
3. Infrastructure and connectivity cluster 39
IC.01. Road infrastructure density 42
IC.02. Rail infrastructure density 43
IC.03. Rail freight intensity 44
IC.04. Power losses 45
IC.05. Electricity cost for non-household consumers 46
IC.06. 4G coverage 47
IC.07. Broadband speed 48
References 49
Notes 50
4. Skills cluster 53
SK.01. Labour productivity 56
SK.02. Employment rate 57
SK.03. Gender gap in labour participation 58
SK.04. PISA performance: Mathematics 59
SK.05. Youth NEET rate 60
SK.06. Labour force with advanced education 61
SK.07. Lifelong learning participation 62
SK.08. Patent applications 63
References 64
Notes 66
5. Business environment cluster 69
BE.01. Domestic credit to the private sector 72
BE.02. Bank non-performing loans 73
BE.03. Private Investment 74
BE.04. Foreign direct investment in tradable sectors 75
BE.05. Control of corruption 76
BE.06. Estimated informal employment 77
BE.07. Trade flows 78
BE.08. New business creation density 79
References 80
Notes 82
6. Digital transformation cluster 86
DG.01. Population with digital skills 89
DG.02. Internet use by individuals 90
DG.03. Internet use for interacting with public authorities 91
DG.04. Internet use for purchases 92
DG.05. Businesses with a website 93
DG.06. Businesses using AI technologies 94
DG.07. ICT services export 95
DG.08. Secure internet servers 96
References 97
Notes 98
7. Greening cluster 101
GR.01. CO₂ emissions intensity 104
GR.02. Renewable energy installed capacities 105
GR.03. Energy productivity 106
GR.04. Water productivity 107
GR.05. Municipal waste intensity 108
GR.06. Municipal waste disposed in landfills 109
GR.07. Air pollution premature deaths 110
References 111
Notes 112
Annex A. Economy profiles 115
Annex B. Methodology 128
Figure 1. Example indicator score: Employment rate (2023-2024) 11
Figure 2. Example cluster score: Skills (2023-2024) 12
Figure 1.1. GDP per capita convergence of the Western Balkan economies with the EU, 2003-2025 20
Figure 1.2. Pace of GDP per capita convergence of the Western Balkan economies with the EU, 2008-2025 21
Figure 1.3. IPA and RGGF financial commitments per capita in the Western Balkan economies and Croatia, 2007-2027 23
Figure 2.1. Macro-financial stability cluster scores by economy (full compliance with macro-financial stability criteria=100), 2023-2024 27
Figure 2.2. Macro-financial stability indicator scores by economy (compliance with macro-financial stability criteria=100), 2023-2024 28
Figure 2.3. Inflation rate in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 29
Figure 2.4. Exchange-rate stability in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 30
Figure 2.5. General government balance in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 31
Figure 2.6. Long-term government interest rates in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 32
Figure 2.7. Current account balance in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 33
Figure 3.1. Infrastructure and connectivity cluster scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 40
Figure 3.2. Infrastructure and connectivity indicator scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 41
Figure 3.3. Road infrastructure density in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 42
Figure 3.4. Rail infrastructure density in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 43
Figure 3.5. Rail freight intensity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 44
Figure 3.6. Power losses in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 45
Figure 3.7. Electricity prices for non-household consumers in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 46
Figure 3.8. 4G penetration in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 47
Figure 3.9. Broadband speed in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 48
Figure 4.1. Skills cluster scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 54
Figure 4.2. Skills indicator scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 55
Figure 4.3. Labour productivity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 56
Figure 4.4. Employment rate in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 57
Figure 4.5. Gender gap in labour participation in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 58
Figure 4.6. Performance in mathematics in PISA in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 59
Figure 4.7. Youth NEET rate in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 60
Figure 4.8. Labour force with advanced education in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 61
Figure 4.9. Lifelong learning in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 62
Figure 4.10. Patent applications in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 63
Figure 5.1. Business environment cluster scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 70
Figure 5.2. Business environment indicator scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 71
Figure 5.3. Domestic credit to the private sector in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 72
Figure 5.4. Bank non-performing loans in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 73
Figure 5.5. Private investment in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 74
Figure 5.6. FDI in tradable sectors in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 75
Figure 5.7. Control of corruption in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 76
Figure 5.8. Estimated informal employment in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 77
Figure 5.9. Trade flows in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 78
Figure 5.10. New business creation density in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 79
Figure 6.1. Digital transformation cluster scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 87
Figure 6.2. Digital transformation indicator scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 88
Figure 6.3. Population with digital skills in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 89
Figure 6.4. Internet use by individuals in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 90
Figure 6.5. Use of digital public services in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 91
Figure 6.6. Internet use for purchases in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 92
Figure 6.7. Businesses with a website in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 93
Figure 6.8. Businesses using AI technologies in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 94
Figure 6.9. ICT services exports in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 95
Figure 6.10. Secure internet servers in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2020-2024 96
Figure 7.1. Greening cluster scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 102
Figure 7.2. Greening indicator scores by economy (EU average=100), 2023-2024 103
Figure 7.3. CO₂ emissions intensity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 104
Figure 7.4. Renewable energy installed capacities in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 105
Figure 7.5. Energy productivity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 106
Figure 7.6. Water productivity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 107
Figure 7.7. Municipal waste intensity in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 108
Figure 7.8. Municipal waste in landfills in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 109
Figure 7.9. Air pollution premature deaths in the Western Balkan economies and the EU, 2014-2024 110
Figure A A.1. Albania's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 117
Figure A A.2. Bosnia and Herzegovina's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 119
Figure A A.3. Kosovo's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 121
Figure A A.4. North Macedonia's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 123
Figure A A.5. Montenegro's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 125
Figure A A.6. Serbia's economic convergence by cluster and by indicator 127
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