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Title page 1

Contents 6

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Executive summary 8

1. Overall policy issues in green start-up promotion internationally 11

Introduction 12

Defining green entrepreneurship 12

Taxonomies of green entrepreneurship 13

Development bottlenecks for green start-ups internationally and the challenges for policy 14

References 16

Notes 18

2. International benchmarking of green start-ups 19

Introduction 20

Measuring green entrepreneurship 20

Population of green and environmentally conscious start-ups 21

Characteristics of green start-ups 24

References 27

Notes 28

3. Direct support for green start-ups 29

Overview of policy approaches internationally 30

Assessment of Canada's policy approach 31

Lessons from international experience 37

References 40

Notes 40

4. Building green entrepreneurial ecosystems 41

Overview of policy approaches internationally 42

Assessment of Canada's policy approach 43

Lessons from international experience 49

References 51

Notes 52

5. Conclusions and recommendations for Canada 53

Continue to fund the early-stage support system with the newly established NRC IRAP Clean Tech programming 54

Explore a national initiative to connect green start-ups with domestic buyers 55

Expand the scope of federal advisory services for green entrepreneurs to foster collaboration in Canada's green entrepreneurial ecosystem 55

Boost the role of public procurement in supporting green start-ups 55

Develop a national strategy to co-ordinate and set the direction for Canada's green entrepreneurship policy 56

Incorporate Canadian cleantech within national security and economic resilience agendas 57

Annex A. Mapping of green start-up support policies in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Portugal and the United States 58

Tables 7

Table 1.1. European Union Community Innovation Survey's typology of business innovation with environmental benefits 13

Figures 7

Figure 2.1. Green start-up population metrics (start-ups founded from 2014-2024) 22

Figure 2.2. Environmentally-conscious start-up metrics, 2024 23

Figure 2.3. International attitudes towards climate change 24

Figure 2.4. Regional concentration of green start-ups 25

Figure 2.5. Share of women founders and senior staff in green start-ups 26

Figure 2.6. Green start-up funding indicators 27

Boxes 7

Box 3.1. Province-led supports for green entrepreneurship: the case of Quebec 33

Box 4.1. The role of non-governmental support organisations - selected examples from Canada's green entrepreneurial ecosystem 44

Box 4.2. Matchmaking programmes to connect start-ups with potential buyers 47

Annex Tables 7

Table A A.1. Policy mapping for national green start-up support policies - Australia 58

Table A A.2. Policy mapping for national green start-up support policies - Canada 59

Table A A.3. Policy mapping for national green start-up support policies - Denmark 61

Table A A.4. Policy mapping for national green start-up support policies - Portugal 62

Table A A.5. Policy mapping for national green start-up support policies - United States 63