Title page 1

Contents 4

About the editor 5

List of contributors 6

Introduction 10

1. Validity of the Violence Risk Scale for male prisoners in Australia 13

2. Supporting incarcerated mothers: A mixed methods evaluation of the NSW Co-Located Caseworker Program 28

3. The extent of illicit drug and alcohol involvement in crime: An updated estimate 43

4. An experimental study of support for protest causes and tactics and the influence of conspiratorial beliefs 57

5. Exposure to and sharing of fringe or radical content online 77

6. The overlap between viewing child sexual abuse material and fringe or radical content online 93

7. Artificial intelligence and child sexual abuse: A rapid evidence assessment 107

8. Drivers and deterrents of child sexual offending: Analysis of offender interactions on the darknet 122

9. Financial risk indicators of child sexual abuse live streaming: A proof of concept prediction model 136

10. Sexual extortion of Australian adolescents: Results from a national survey 151

11. The impacts of sexual extortion on minors: A systematic review 173

12. Underage use of adult-based platforms: Risks and experiences 187

13. Victim-survivors' reflections on best practice in restorative justice for domestic, family and sexual violence 200

14. Ransomware targeting individuals and small businesses: Vulnerabilities and impacts 213

15. Developing a harm index for individual victims of cybercrime 229

Index 247

1. Validity of the Violence Risk Scale for male prisoners in Australia 17

Table 1. Distribution of sample by VRS risk category and Aboriginality 17

Table 2. Distribution of sample by five-level risk scheme and Aboriginality 17

Table 3. Subscale and total VRS scores by Aboriginality 18

Table 4. Recidivism rates at two-year (n=2,125) and five-year (n=938) follow-up by Aboriginality 19

Table 5. Recidivism rates by VRS risk band and Aboriginality at two-year and five-year follow-up 20

Table 6. Recidivism rates by five-level risk scheme and Aboriginality at two-year and five-year follow-up 20

Table 7. Predictive accuracy of the VRS for violent recidivism by Aboriginality 21

Table 8. Logistic regression models predicting violent recidivism at two-year and five-year follow-up 22

2. Supporting incarcerated mothers: A mixed methods evaluation of the NSW Co-Located Caseworker Program 31

Table 1. Interview sample 31

3. The extent of illicit drug and alcohol involvement in crime: An updated estimate 47

Table 1. Past-month drug use and attribution by substance type 47

Table 2. Reasons for attributing offending to drug use among detainees who had used in the past month 49

Table 3. Principal offences attributed to alcohol and drugs, 2019 50

Table 4. Estimated number of principal offences attributable to alcohol and other drugs in 2018-19 (n) 52

4. An experimental study of support for protest causes and tactics and the influence of conspiratorial beliefs 60

Table 1. Assignment of protest causes and tactics to experimental groups 60

Table 2. Sample characteristics, by experimental group 63

Table 3. Protest participation, by experimental group 64

Table 4. Ordinary least squares regression predicting level of support for protests 68

5. Exposure to and sharing of fringe or radical content online 80

Table 1. Exposure to and sharing of fringe or radical content online 80

Table 2. Type of fringe or radical content accessed online 81

Table 3. Characteristics of individuals who accessed, intentionally engaged with and shared fringe or radical content online 83

Table 4. Initial exposure and frequency of access to fringe or radical content online 84

Table 5. At least weekly use of specific platforms or apps, by exposure and access to fringe or radical content 85

Table 6. Mainstream platforms used to share fringe or radical content 86

Table 7. Participation in online groups promoting fringe or radical views 88

6. The overlap between viewing child sexual abuse material and fringe or radical content online 97

Table 1. Respondents who had viewed CSAM or fringe or radical content in the 12 months prior to the survey 97

Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents, by group 98

Table 3. Internet use by respondents, by group 100

Table 4. Contact with the criminal justice system as a juvenile or adult, by group 101

Table 5. Self-reported diagnosed mental health disorder, by group 101

7. Artificial intelligence and child sexual abuse: A rapid evidence assessment 112

Table 1. Summary of how artificial intelligence is used in the context of child sexual abuse in the studies reviewed 112

8. Drivers and deterrents of child sexual offending: Analysis of offender interactions on the darknet 124

Table 1. Summary of darknet forum threads 124

Table 2. Drivers and deterrents of child sexual offending emerging from offender interactions on the darknet 127

9. Financial risk indicators of child sexual abuse live streaming: A proof of concept prediction model 141

Table 1. Average financial transaction characteristics 141

Table 2. Confusion matrix for random forest model trained on individuals who transacted with facilitators of live streaming of child sexual abuse 142

Table 3. Financial risk indicators for individuals transacting with facilitators of child sexual abuse live streaming 147

10. Sexual extortion of Australian adolescents: Results from a national survey 154

Table 1. Sample characteristics 154

11. The impacts of sexual extortion on minors: A systematic review 177

Table 1. Studies included in the systematic review 177

Table 2. Conceptual definitions of sexual extortion used by included studies 178

Table 3. Summary of the impacts of sexual extortion victimisation on minors 179

13. Victim-survivors' reflections on best practice in restorative justice for domestic, family and sexual violence 203

Table 1. Victim-survivor characteristics 203

14. Ransomware targeting individuals and small businesses: Vulnerabilities and impacts 217

Table 1. Frequency, target and format of ransom messages 217

Table 2. Events precipitating the most recent ransomware incident 218

Table 3. Impacts on devices and systems at the time of receiving the ransom message 219

Table 4. Devices or systems that lost functionality or connection, had a virus, or had files or data blocked 220

Table 5. Features of ransomware incidents related to work 221

Table 6. Ransom amounts and forms of payment demanded 222

Table 7. Time given for ransom payments 223

15. Developing a harm index for individual victims of cybercrime 233

Table 1. Cybercrime victimisation in sample, all victims and single-offence victims, by sub-category 233

Table 2. Experiences and impact of adverse consequences of cybercrime victimisation 234

Table 3. Victim and incident characteristics associated with seeking help from police or ReportCyber 237

Table 4. Distribution of victims and harm, by respondent characteristics 239

Table 5. Calculation of harm index values 240

Boxes 168

Box 1. Summary of experiences among adolescents who had been sexually extorted 168

1. Validity of the Violence Risk Scale for male prisoners in Australia 27

Table A1. Violent recidivism rates by five-level risk scheme at five-year follow-up 27

Table A2. E/O index and 95% confidence intervals for violent recidivism by five-level risk scheme at five-year follow-up 27

2. Supporting incarcerated mothers: A mixed methods evaluation of the NSW Co-Located Caseworker Program 42

Table A1. Evaluation questions 42