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Title page 1

Contents 7

Foreword 4

Acknowledgements 5

Abbreviations and acronyms 10

Executive summary 11

1. Overview: Justice as a Public Service 13

1.1. INTRODUCTION 14

1.2. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 19

REFERENCES 21

2. Justice outcomes 22

2.1. INTRODUCTION 23

2.2. JUSTICE OUTCOMES 24

REFERENCES 46

NOTES 47

3. Making justice systems more effective and people-centred 48

3.1. INTRODUCTION 49

3.2. A PEOPLE-CENTRED PURPOSE AND CULTURE IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM 50

3.3. DESIGN AND DELIVERY OF PEOPLE-CENTRED LEGAL AND JUSTICE SERVICES 64

3.4. A GOVERNANCE INFRASTRUCTURE THAT ENABLES PEOPLE-CENTRED JUSTICE 77

3.5. EMPOWERING PEOPLE 93

3.6. PARTICIPATORY AND EVIDENCE-BASED PLANNING, MONITORING AND EVALUATION 111

REFERENCES 131

NOTES 152

Annex A. Methodology and country coverage 155

Tables 8

Table 2.1. Overview of outcome indicators for a people-centred justice system 24

Table 2.2. Overview of data for justice outcome indicators 43

Table 3.1. Identifying the most common legal needs and justice problems 62

Table 3.2. Improving access to justice through digital transformation 78

Table 3.3. Reviewing and assessing the performance of the justice system and justice services 125

Figures 7

Figure 1.1. OECD Measurement Framework for People-Centred Justice Systems 16

Figure 2.1. Justice problem resolution rate 25

Figure 2.2. Experience of fairness in justice processes 27

Figure 2.3. Trust in judges and magistrates 29

Figure 2.4. Prevalence of justice problems 32

Figure 2.5. Hardships experienced as a consequence of justice problems 34

Figure 2.6. Information to recognise and resolve justice problems 36

Figure 2.7. Assistance or advice to resolve justice problems 38

Figure 2.8. Access to dispute resolution mechanisms 40

Figure 3.1. Policy Indicators for the OECD Recommendation 50

Figure 3.2. Commitment to people-centred purpose and culture in the justice system 53

Figure 3.3. The use of data to inform justice services 67

Figure 3.4. Collecting feedback within justice services 73

Figure 3.5. Promoting innovation within the justice sector 83

Figure 3.6. Justice data strategies 86

Figure 3.7. Establishing and implementing data quality standards and management protocols across the justice sector 90

Figure 3.8. Providing opportunities for information, consultation and engagement in the design and delivery of justice services 95

Figure 3.9. Fostering people's empowerment and legal literacy 99

Figure 3.10. Using plain or accessible language across the justice sector 105

Figure 3.11. Providing appropriate justice services through digital and non-digital channels 107

Figure 3.12. Extent of justice sector-wide planning 114

Figure 3.13. Use of availability and effectiveness evidence in planning and budgeting 117

Figure 3.14. Use of legal-needs and justice-problem data in budget allocation 120

Figure 3.15. Transparency of the resource-service-outcome connection 122

Figure 3.16. Providing support for people-centred justice research and development 129

Boxes 8

Box 2.1. Measuring trust in courts and the judicial system through the OECD Trust Survey 30

Box 3.1. Indicator 1: There is a people-centred purpose and culture in the justice system 51

Box 3.2. Embedding whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches into people-centred justice commitments 54

Box 3.3. Measuring justice outcomes for specific groups 57

Box 3.4. Indicator 2: The justice system makes regular and rigorous efforts to understand the legal needs and justice problems of people,... 59

Box 3.5. The Netherlands' periodic legal needs survey 60

Box 3.6. Indicator 3: The justice sector designs a continuum of services taking into account people's legal capabilities and... 64

Box 3.7. Using evidence on legal capability to redesign justice services 66

Box 3.8. Indicator 4: The justice sector delivers a continuum of affordable and effective services, continuously improving them based... 71

Box 3.9. Satisfaction surveys on judicial services in Costa Rica 74

Box 3.10. Collecting comprehensive feedback from people using justice services 75

Box 3.11. Indicator 5: Digital transformation and innovation in the justice sector support the effective delivery of justice services 77

Box 3.12. Indicator 6: The justice sector maintains a people-centred justice data system and ensures proper data governance 85

Box 3.13. The United Kingdom: leveraging justice data governance to strengthen interoperability and evidence-based decision making 86

Box 3.14. Applying cross-government standards to justice data 90

Box 3.15. Strengthening standards for justice data quality and data collection protocols 92

Box 3.16. Indicator 7: People are empowered to make people-centred justice transformation happen 94

Box 3.17. Institutionalising participation in justice policymaking 96

Box 3.18. Engaging people and stakeholders in justice reform 97

Box 3.19. Fostering Empowerment and Legal Literacy though Public Legal Education 100

Box 3.20. Building legal capability through education and community outreach 102

Box 3.21. Indicator 8: Justice sector communications are targeted for the intended audience, and are provided in plain language,... 104

Box 3.22. Connecting justice services through omnichannel pathways 107

Box 3.23. Helping people find information and navigate justice services 109

Box 3.24. Indicator 9: Justice sector planning and budgeting is people-centred, data-driven and evidence-based 112

Box 3.25. Justice-system planning and budgeting 115

Box 3.26. Evidence-based budgeting 118

Box 3.27. Transparency about the results-chain in budgeting 123

Box 3.28. Indicator 10: There is a system of participatory and evidence-based monitoring, evaluation and accountability of justice systems,... 124

Annex Tables 8

Table A A.1. Country coverage of the report 155

Annex Figures 8

Figure A A.1. Relationship between WJP GLNS estimates of trust in judges and magistrates and other trust measures across the OECD Member countries 159