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Title Page

Contents

Highlights 2

Letter 6

Background 10

Urban and Rural Transit 10

Transit ITS 12

Transit Funding for ITS 14

Federal ITS Program 16

Selected Urban Transit Providers Reported Using Most Types of ITS, and Some Reported Using More Advanced Technologies 17

DOT's 2013 Survey Found Broad Deployment of ITS in Major Metropolitan Areas 17

Selected Urban Transit Providers Reported Deploying the Majority of ITS Technologies, Mainly on Bus Services 19

Large and Medium Urban Transit Providers Are Sharing ITS Data 22

Large and Medium Urban Transit Providers Reported Using Advanced Technologies 24

Small Urban and Rural Providers Are Primarily Using Four ITS Technologies, and Use of Other ITS Is Limited 28

Roughly Three-Quarters of Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers Are Using Security Systems 28

About Half of Small Urban and Rural Providers Are Using Computer-Aided Dispatch, Automatic Vehicle Location, and GIS 29

Most Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers Are Not Using Other ITS Technologies, Primarily because of Technology Costs or Perceived Lack of Need 30

Transit Providers Reported Five Key Benefits from ITS, but Benefits Are Difficult to Measure and Deployment Challenges Exist 33

Transit Providers Reported Five Primary Benefits from ITS Deployment 33

Certain Benefits of Transit ITS Are Difficult to Quantify 38

Transit Providers Face an Assortment of Challenges in Deploying and Using ITS 40

DOT Supports ITS Deployment Through a Variety of Training and Technical Assistance Resources, but Providers' Use of These Resources Is Limited 48

DOT Offers a Number of Resources to Promote and Support ITS Technologies 48

Transit Providers Are Generally Relying on Non-Federal Resources to Inform Their ITS Deployment 50

Better Outreach and Information Collection Could Improve DOT's Promotion of ITS 53

Conclusions 56

Recommendations for Executive Action 57

Agency Comments 57

Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 59

Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Transportation 64

Appendix III: Public Transit Stakeholders GAO Interviewed 65

Appendix IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 67

Tables

Table 1. 2013 Results of DOT's ITS Deployment Survey for Bus Transit Providers 19

Table 2. ITS Deployment by Selected Large and Medium Urban Transit Providers 20

Table 3. Top Five Types of Traveler Information Used by Small Urban Transit Providers 31

Table 4. Top Five ITS Benefits Reported by Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers 37

Table 5. Funding Challenges for Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers 43

Table 6. Leadership and Workforce Challenges for Small Urban and Rural Providers 45

Table 7. Vendor Challenges for Small Urban and Rural Providers 47

Figures

Figure 1. Use of Selected Transit ITS Technologies 13

Figure 2. Different Uses of Smartphone Applications 26

Figure 3. Types of Security Systems Used by Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers 29

Figure 4. Small Urban and Rural Transit Provider Use of Five ITS Technologies 31

Figure 5. ITS Technologies That Small Urban and Rural Transit Providers Plan to Deploy within 5 Years 33

Figure 6. Combinations of ITS Technologies and Their Potential Benefits 38

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