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Title page

Contents

Preface 3

Executive summary 8

Introduction 17

1. Brazil 18

1.1. The size of the ICT market 19

1.1.1. R&D expenditures in the ICT sector 23

1.2. A focus on the Brazilian telecom markets 26

1.2.1. A growing industry 26

1.2.2. The regulatory background 31

1.2.3. Assessing the policies 34

1.3. Conclusion 36

1.4. Appendix 1: Proportion of housholds that have ict equipment 38

1.5. Appendix 2: classification used in the IPEA report 39

1.6. References 40

2. India 42

2.1. The size of the ICT sector 43

2.1.1. The sub sectors 47

2.1.2. The ICT services 48

2.1.3. Telecommunications services 49

2.1.4. Computer Services and Software (CSS) 53

2.2. R&D expenditures 54

2.2.1. Patents 55

2.2.2. The role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in ICT R&D 57

2.2.3. Offshoring 60

2.3. The Indian ICT sector: company-level perspective 60

2.4. Conclusion 63

2.5. References 64

3. China 67

3.1. The size of the ICT sector 69

3.1.1. The ICT sector 69

3.2. ICT R&D Expenditures 74

3.2.1. The role of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the ICT R&D trends 76

3.2.2. Asian R&D offshoring 78

3.2.3. Output 79

3.3. The major ICT players 81

3.3.1. Telecommunications services 85

3.4. Case studies 89

3.4.1. Huawei 89

3.4.2. ZTE 89

3.4.3. Alcatel Shanghai Bell 90

3.4.4. Lenovo Group 90

3.4.5. BYD Company 91

3.4.6. China Mobile 91

3.5. Conclusion 92

3.6. References 94

4. Changing patterns in international trade and global value chain 97

4.1. The global production network and the case of Taiwan 97

4.2. New patterns of trade 98

4.3. Policies and cooperation 102

4.4. References 103

Abstract 104

Tables

Table 1. Emerging economy ICT spending by segment 11

Table 1.1. ICT market by segment (2000-07) 20

Table 1.2. Sources of import (2008-2010) 23

Table 1.3. Penetration of computer and Internet 30

Table 2.1. Indian ICT Industry economic profile (2004) 45

Table 2.2. Teledensity (2000-10) 50

Table 2.3. Indian Telecom Sector Revenues from Different Services (2003-09) 52

Table 2.4. Indian ICT Industry Structure (2008) 53

Table 2.5. Indian ICT R&D expenditures profile (2004) 54

Table 2.6. Patents by ICT firms in India 57

Table 2.7. Country location of Head Quarters of ICT R&D centres in India 58

Table 2.8. Revenue from different segments in the Indian IT sector (2004-07) 60

Table 2.9. Top 20 firms in terms of revenue 62

Table 3.1. Ratios of Value Added of ICT manufacturing in industry and GDP (1978-2006) 70

Table 3.2. Chinese ICT R&D expenditures profile (2006) 75

Table 3.3. Top 20 ICT firms in China (2006, ranked by revenues from principal business) 81

Table 4.1. Emerging economies' trade in ICT goods 99

Figures

Figure 1. Share of BRIC countries in the global ICT market (2009) 9

Figure 2. ICT patent applications by EU 27, US, China, India and Brazil resident inventors 14

Figure 3. Total patent applications by EU 27, US, China, India and Brazil resident inventors 15

Figure 1.1. ICT market, segments by market share 20

Figure 1.2. Trade deficit "component" 21

Figure 1.3. Revenues of the top-10 IT firms by percentage 22

Figure 1.4. ICT R&D expenditures (2000-08, million RS 2008) 24

Figure 1.5. ICTs R&D expenditures to GDP (2000-2008) 25

Figure 1.6. Total and ICT patent application by Brazil-resident inventors 26

Figure 1.7. Brazilian telecom sector gross revenue in R$ billion64and as % of GDP 27

Figure 1.8. Brazilian mobile and fixed telephony net revenue in R$ billion, tax in R$ billion and tax as % of revenues 27

Figure 1.9. Brazilian telecom investment as % of GDP 28

Figure 1.10. Broadband terminal evolution 29

Figure 1.11. Pay TV market (net revenues and access) 30

Figure 1.12. Distribution of market shares and access for the fixed market 32

Figure 1.13. Distribution of market shares for the mobile market (2010) 33

Figure 1.14. Bottom of the pyramid (BOP) spending 35

Figure 2.1. Indian ICT clusters 46

Figure 2.2. Sector contribution in exports of electronic hardware, computer software and services (2005-06) 47

Figure 2.3. Growth and contribution of Indian ICT industry 48

Figure 2.4. Total cost of mobile ownership in 77 emerging economies 49

Figure 2.5. Low prices greater participation by the poor 50

Figure 2.6. Total and ICT patent application by India-resident inventors 56

Figure 2.7. Total and ICT patent application by India-resident applicants and inventors 56

Figure 3.1. China Map 68

Figure 3.2. Main economic indicators of China 69

Figure 3.3. Percentage-share of ICT industry within China's GDP 70

Figure 3.4. ICT Industry Structure in China (2006) 71

Figure 3.5. Sub-sector revenue of China ICT industry (2001-08) 72

Figure 3.6. ICT expenditure in China 73

Figure 3.7. ICT expenditure / GDP & GDP per capita in US$ (2006) 73

Figure 3.8. ICT expenditure / GDP & GDP per capita in US$ (2006) 74

Figure 3.9. Funding Source for RTD Expenditures in 2005 75

Figure 3.10. RTD expenditure percentages by industrial sector in China (2006) 76

Figure 3.11. Total and ICT patent application by China-resident inventors 80

Figure 3.12. Inventive patents owned by the industrial sector in China (2006) 80

Figure 4.1. The Global Innovation Network of Apple's iPhones and the Role of the Taiwanese ICT Firms 97

Boxes

Box 1. Methodology for patent data 14

Box 2.1. Performance of IT services firms in India 45

Box 2.2. The budget telecom model: market innovations that meet consumer's ability to pay 51

Box 2.3. The three leading Indian IT firms 63

Box 3.1. NACE Code and Corresponding industries in China's ICT sector 71

Box 3.2. China's R&D offshoring-the Huawei Case 79

Box 3.3. China's R&D offshoring-the ZTE case 79

Box 3.4. American firms in China's Top 20 ICT firms 84

Box 3.5. European firms in China's Top 20 ICT firms 84

Box 3.6. The telecommunications and internet markets. historical background 87

Box 3.7. Internet companies. moving to the top 88

Graphs

Graph 1.1. Trade deficit ICT 21

Graph 3.1. China's non-financial OFDI flows for (1990-2008) 78

Annex Tables

Annex Table 1. Mobile phone market share for different brands 85

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