Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 2

1. Overview 7

2. Understanding social norm change 9

Mackie, G. and LeJeune, J. (2009) 'Social Dynamics of Abandonment of Harmful Practices: A New Look at the Theory'. Special Series on Social Norms and Harmful Practices. Innocenti Working Paper 2009-06.... 9

Paluck, E. L. and Ball, E., with Poynton, C. and Siedloff, S. (2010) 'Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender-Based Violence: A Literature Review and Critical Assessment'. New York: IRC. Available at http://bit.ly/1qQqy3w 10

Bicchieri, C. and Mercier, H. (2014) 'Norms and Beliefs: How Change Occurs'. The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly 63: 60-82. Available at http://bit.ly/1xgvS39 11

Mackie, G., Moneti, F., Denny, E. and Shakya, H. (2012) 'What Are Social Norms. How Are They Measured?' UNICEF/ UCSD Centre on Global Justice Project Cooperation Agreement Working Paper 1. San Diego,... 12

UNICEF (UN Children's Fund) (2013) 'Female Genital Mutilation/ Cutting: A Statistical Exploration'. New York: UNICEF 12

Raymond, L., Weldon, L., Kelly, D., Arriaga, X. and Clark, A.M. (2013) 'Norm-Based Strategies for Institutional Change to Address Intractable Problems'. Political Research Quarterly 67: 197-211. Available at http://bit.ly/1mJI0lb 13

3. Understanding gender norms 14

Kandiyoti, D. (1988) 'Bargaining with Patriarchy'. Gender and Society 2(3) (Special Issue to Honour Jessie Bernard): 274-290 14

Munoz Boudot, A.M., Pettesch, P. and Turk, C., with Thumala, A. (2012) 'On Norms And Agency. Conversations with Women and Men about Gender Equality in 20 Countries'. Washington, DC: World Bank.... 14

Keleher, H. and Franklin, L. (2008) 'Changing Gendered Norms about Women and Girls at the Level of Household and Community: A Review of the Evidence'. Global Public Health: An International Journal for Research,... 16

Sen, G., Ostlin, P. and George, A. (2007) 'Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient. Gender Inequity in Health: Why It Exists and How We Can Change It'. Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health.... 17

Evans, A. (2014, forthcoming) 'Theorising Asymmetric Flexibility in Gender Divisions of Labour: A Zambian Case Study'. Working Paper. London: LSE 18

Barker, G. (2000) 'Gender Equitable Boys in a Gender Inequitable World: Reflections from Qualitative Research and Program Development with Young Men in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil'. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 15(3): 263-282 19

4. Multiple drivers of change 20

World Bank (2011) Gender Equality and Development. World Development Report 2012. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at http://bit.ly/1pEs9ts 20

Greene, M., Robles, O. and Pawlak, P. (2011) 'Masculinities, Social Change and Development'. WDR 2012 Background Paper. Available at http://bit.ly/1mFXg2r 22

Kabeer, N., Khan, A. and Adlparvar, N. (2011) 'Afghan Values or Women's Rights? Gendered Narratives about Continuity and Change in Urban Afghanistan'. Working Paper 387. Brighton: IDS. Available at http://bit.ly/1lwlDPE 23

Jackson, C. (2012) 'Introduction: Marriage, Gender Relations and Social Change'. The Journal of Development Studies 48(1): 1-9 24

Rao, N. (2012) 'Breadwinners and Homemakers: Migration and Changing Conjugal Expectations in Rural Bangladesh'. Journal of Development Studies 48(1): 26-40 24

Jackson, C. (2012) 'Conjugality as Social Change: A Zimbabwean Case'. Journal of Development Studies 48(1): 41-54 25

Chung, W. and Das Gupta, M. (2007) 'Why Is Son Preference Declining in South Korea? The Role of Development and Public Policy, and the Implications for China and India'. Policy Research Working Paper 4373. Washington,... 26

Seguino, S. (2007) 'Plus Ca Change? Evidence on Global Trends in Gender Norms and Stereotypes'. Feminist Economics 13(2): 1-28. Available at http://bit.ly/1iRx7D0 27

5. Economic change 29

Kabeer, N., with Assaad, R., Darkwah, A., Mahmud, S., Sholkamy, H., Tasneem, S. and Tsikata, D. and statistical support from Sulaiman, M. (2013) 'Paid Work, Women's Empowerment and Inclusive Growth:... 29

Kabeer, N. (2008) 'Paid Work, Women's Empowerment and Gender Justice: Critical Pathways of Social Change'. Brighton: IDS. Available at http://bit.ly/1vwbHeM 30

Hossain, N. (2011) 'Exports, Equity, and Empowerment: The Effects of Readymade Garments Manufacturing Employment on Gender Equality in Bangladesh'. WDR 2012 Background Paper. Available at http://bit.ly/1qgttDn 31

Newman, C. (2001) 'Gender, Time Use, and Change: Impacts of Agricultural Export Employment in Ecuador'. Washington, DC: World Bank Development Research Group Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network.... 32

Jensen, R. (2010) 'Economic Opportunities and Gender Differences in Human Capital: Experimental Evidence for India'. Working Paper 16021. Cambridge: MA, NBER. Available at http://bit.ly/1o8h5BT 32

Jensen, R. (2012) 'Do Labor Market Opportunities Affect Young Women's Work and Family Decisions? Experimental Evidence from India'. Quarterly Journal of Economics 127: 753-792 33

Kabeer, N. (1998) 'Money Can't Buy Me Love? Re-evaluating Gender, Credit and Empowerment in Rural Bangladesh'. Discussion Paper 363. Brighton: IDS. Available at http://bit.ly/TMscaq 33

6. Migration 35

Lopez-Ekra, S., Aghazarm, C., Kotter, H. and Mollard, B. (2011) 'The Impact of Remittances on Gender Roles and Opportunities for Children in Recipient Families: Research from the International Organization for Migration'.... 35

Pessar, P. (2005) 'Women, Gender, and International Migration across and beyond the Americas: Inequalities and Limited Empowerment'. Expert Group Meeting on International Migration and Development in Latin America... 36

Jolly, S. and Reeves, H (2005) 'Gender and Migration Overview Report'. Sussex: BRIDGE, IDS. Available at http://bit.ly/1xgwRQM 37

Murphy, R (2008) 'The Impact of Socio-Cultural Norms on Women's Experiences of Migration and the Implications for Development'. SSRC Migration & Development Conference Paper 17. Migration and Development:... 38

Temin, M., Montgomery, M., Engebretsen, S. and Barker, K. (2013) 'Girls on the Move: Adolescent Girls & Migration in the Developing World. A GIRLS COUNT Report'. New York: Population Council. Available at http://bit.ly/1pJfeco 38

7. Education 40

Malhotra, A., Pande, R. and Grown, C. (2003) 'Impact of Investments in Female Education on Gender Equality'. New York: ICRW. Available at http://bit.ly/1qgv5ge 40

Lloyd, C. and Young, J. (2009) 'New Lessons: The Power of Educating Adolescent Girls'. New York: Population Council. Available at http://bit.ly/1jGJhti 41

Schuler, S.R. (2007) 'Rural Bangladesh: Sound Policies, Evolving Gender Norms, and Family Strategies' in M. Lewis and M. Lockheed (eds) Exclusion, Gender and Education: Case Studies from the Developing World.... 42

Stromquist, N. (2006) 'Gender, Education and the Possibility of Transformative Knowledge'. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education 36(2): 145-161. Available at http://bit.ly/1AsAV22 42

Lesogorol, C. (2008) 'Setting Themselves Apart: Education, Capabilities, and Sexuality among Samburu Women in Kenya'. Anthropological Quarterly 81(3): 551-577. Available at http://bit.ly/1pTR4Mi 43

Evans, A. (2014) 'Co-education and the Erosion of Gender Stereotypes in the Zambian Copperbelt'. Gender & Development 22(1): 75-90. Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13552074.2014.889346 44

8. Communications 46

Plan International (2010) 'Because I'm a Girl. Digital and Urban Frontiers: Girls in a Changing Landscape'. Woking: Plan International. Available at http://bit.ly/1xcazjc 46

Jensen, R. and Oster, E. (2007) 'The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women's Status in India'. Working Paper 13305. Cambridge, MA: NBER. Available at http://bit.ly/1pJfl7R 47

La Ferrera, E., Chong, A. and Duryea, S. (2008) 'Soap Operas and Fertility: Evidence from Brazil'. Working Paper 172. Durham, NC: BREAD, Duke University. Available at http://ipl.econ.duke.edu/bread/working/172 48

BBC World Service Trust (2009) 'Impact of the BBC World Service Trust's Programme The Afghan Woman's Hour - Results from a National Survey in Afghanistan'. Available at http://bbc.in/1kaOycv 49

Pulerwitz, J., Michaelis, A., Verma, R. and Weiss, E. (2010) 'Addressing Gender Dynamics and Engaging Men in HIV Programs. Lessons Learnt from Horizons Research'. Public Health Reports 125: 282-292.... 49

9. Political and social mobilisation 51

Weldon, S.L. and Htun, M. (2013) 'Feminist Mobilisation and Progressive Policy Change: Why Governments Take Action to Combat Violence against Women'. Gender & Development 21(2): 231-247 51

Htun, M. and Weldon, S.L. (2010) 'When Do Governments Promote Women's Rights? A Framework for the Comparative Analysis of Sex Equality.' Perspectives on Politics 8(1): 207-216 52

Beaman, L., Duflo, E., Pande, R. and Topalova, P. (2012) 'Female Leadership Raises Aspirations and Educational Attainment for Girls: A Policy Experiment in India'. Science 335(6068): 582-586 53

Grabe, S., Dutt, A. and Dworkin, S. (2014) 'Women's Community Mobilization and Wellbeing: Gendered Resistance to Social Inequalities in Nicaragua and Tanzania'. Journal of Community Psychology 42(4): 370-397 53

Michau, L. (2012) 'Community Mobilization: Preventing Partner Violence by Changing Social Norms'. Paper for Expert Group Meeting on Prevention of Violence against Women and Girls, Bangkok, 17-20 September.... 54

10. Legal change 56

Hallward-Driemeier, M., Hasan, T. and Bogdana-Rusu, A. (2013) 'Women's Legal Rights over 50 Years. What Is the Impact of Reform?' Policy Research Working Paper 6617. Washington, DC: World Bank.... 56

Deininger, K., Goyal, A. and Nagarajan, H. (2010) 'Inheritance Law Reform and Women's Access to Capital: Evidence from India's Hindu Succession Act'. Policy Research Working Paper 5338. Washington, DC:... 57

Shell-Duncan, B., Herlund, Y., Wander, K. and Moreau, A. (2013) 'Legislating Change? Responses to Criminalizing Female Genital Cutting in Senegal'. Law & Society Review 47(4): 803-835 57

Kiss, L., d'Oliveira, A.F., Zimmerman, C., Heise, L., Schraiber, L.B. and Watts, C. (2012) 'Brazilian Policy Responses to Violence against Women: Government Strategy and the Help-Seeking Behaviours of Women... 58

11. Conflict 59

El Bushra, J. and Sahl, I. (2005) Cycles of Violence. Gender Relations and Armed Conflict. London: ACORD. Available at http://bit.ly/1qgxbwN 59

Byrne, B. (1996) 'Gender, Conflict and Development Volume I: Overview'. Report 34. Brighton: BRIDGE. Available at http://bit.ly/1z7zB4Q 60

Petesch, P. (2012) 'The Clash of Violent Conflict, Good Jobs, and Gender Norms in Four Economies'. WDR 2013 Background Paper. Available at http://bit.ly/1lMRb41 61

Narayan, D. and Petesch, P. (eds) (2010) Rising from the Ashes of Conflict. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at http://bit.ly/1k5qkFZ 62

Justino, P. (2012) 'Women Working for Recovery: The Impact of Female Employment on Family and Community Welfare after Conflict'. New York: UN Women. Available at http://bit.ly/1uvKTwb 63

USAID (US Agency for International Development) (2000) 'Intrastate Conflict and Gender'. Information Bulletin 9. Washington, DC: Office of Women and Development, USAID. Available at http://bit.ly/1iVl5bC 63

Buvinic, M., Das Gupta, M., Casabonne, U. and Verwimp, P. (2012) 'Violent Conflict and Gender Inequality: An Overview'. World Bank Research Observer 28(1): 110-138. Available at http://bit.ly/1ows4nh 64

Coulter, C. (2008) 'Female Fighters in the Sierra Leone War: Challenging the Assumptions?' Feminist Review 88(1): 54-73. Available at http://bit.ly/1skzPUM 64

12. Backlash and resistance to changing gender norms 66

Alvarez Minte, G. (2013) 'Conservative Backlashes to Women's Bodily Integrity in Latin America: The Cases of Mexico and Chile'. Available at http://bit.ly/1l0q3EO 66

Amuchastegui, A., Cruz , G., Aldaz, E. and Mejia, M.C. (2010) 'Politics, Religion and Gender Equality in Contemporary Mexico: Women's Sexuality and Reproductive Rights in a Contested Secular State'.... 67

Guzman, V., Seibert, U. and Staab, S. (2012) 'Democracy in the Country but Not in the Home? Religion, Politics and Women's Rights in Chile'. Third World Quarterly 31(6): 971-988 68

Balchin, C. (2010) 'Towards a Future without Religious Fundamentalisms: Analysing Religious Fundamentalist Strategies and Feminist Responses'. Toronto: AWID. Available at http://bit.ly/1lz6JbA 69

ICAN (International Civil Society Action Network) (2012) 'What the Women Say: MENA/Asia Women's Rights, Peace and Security Forum Key Findings'. Brief 5. Available at http://bit.ly/1rXqvD3 70

Silberschmidt, M. (2001) 'Disempowerment of Men in Rural and Urban East Africa: Implications for Male Identity and Sexual Behavior'. World Development 29(4): 657-671 70

Chant, S. (2002) 'Families on the Verge of Breakdown? Views on Contemporary Trends in Family Life in Guanacaste, Costa Rica'. Journal of Developing Societies 18: 109-148 71