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Title page

Contents

Executive Summary 4

Introduction to the 2019 National AI R&D Strategic Plan 5

AI R&D Strategy 9

Strategy 1: Make Long-Term Investments in AI Research 11

2019 Update: Sustaining long-term investments in fundamental AI research 11

Advancing data-focused methodologies for knowledge discovery 13

Enhancing the perceptual capabilities of AI systems 13

Understanding theoretical capabilities and limitations of AI 14

Pursuing research on general-purpose artificial intelligence 14

Developing scalable AI systems 15

Fostering research on human-like AI 15

Developing more capable and reliable robots 15

Advancing hardware for improved AI 16

Creating AI for improved hardware 16

Strategy 2: Develop Effective Methods for Human-AI Collaboration 18

2019 Update: Developing AI systems that complement and augment human capabilities, with increasing focus on the future of work 18

Seeking new algorithms for human-aware AI 21

Developing AI techniques for human augmentation 21

Developing techniques for visualization and human-AI interfaces 22

Developing more effective language processing systems 22

Strategy 3: Understand and Address the Ethical, Legal, and Societal Implications of AI 23

2019 Update: Addressing ethical, legal, and societal considerations in AI 23

Improving fairness, transparency, and accountability by design 25

Building ethical AI 25

Designing architectures for ethical AI 25

Strategy 4: Ensure the Safety and Security of AI Systems 27

2019 Update: Creating robust and trustworthy AI systems 27

Improving explainability and transparency 29

Building trust 29

Enhancing verification and validation 29

Securing against attacks 30

Achieving long-term AI safety and value-alignment 30

Strategy 5: Develop Shared Public Datasets and Environments for AI Training and Testing 31

2019 Update: Increasing access to datasets and associated challenges 31

Developing and making accessible a wide variety of datasets to meet the needs of a diverse spectrum of AI interests and applications 33

Making training and testing resources responsive to commercial and public interests 34

Developing open-source software libraries and toolkits 34

Strategy 6: Measure and Evaluate AI Technologies through Standards and Benchmarks 36

2019 Update: Supporting development of AI technical standards and related tools 36

Developing a broad spectrum of AI standards 37

Establishing AI technology benchmarks 38

Increasing the availability of AI testbeds 38

Engaging the AI community in standards and benchmarks 39

Strategy 7: Better Understand the National AI R&D Workforce Needs 41

2019 Update: Advancing the AI R&D workforce, including those working on AI systems and those working alongside them, to sustain U.S. leadership 41

Strategy 8: Expand Public-Private Partnerships to Accelerate Advances in AI 44

Abbreviations 47

Figures

Figure 1. Organization of the AI R&D Strategic Plan (2019 update, to include Strategy 8) 10

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