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Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

CONTEXT: SHIFTING DIETS, THE COOL FOOD PLEDGE, AND A SUSTAINABLE FOOD FUTURE 2

1. SETTING A FOOD-RELATED GHG EMISSIONS REDUCTION TARGET 5

2. METRICS AND DATA NEEDS 7

3. NAVIGATING SYNERGIES AND TRADE-OFFS ACROSS SUSTAINABILITY GOALS 18

4. CONCLUSIONS 23

APPENDIX A: COLLECTING AND ORGANIZING FOOD PURCHASE DATA FOR COOL FOOD PLEDGE REPORTING 24

ENDNOTES 27

REFERENCES 30

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 32

Tables

Table 1. How GHG Protocol Accounting Principles Are Applied in the Context of the Cool Food Pledge 7

Table 2. Comparison of Three Recent Life Cycle Meta-analyses, Including the Data Set in the Cool Food Calculator 13

Table 3. Data Quality Indicators 14

Table 4. Examples of Trade-offs between Normalization Factors 17

Table 5. Examples of Potential Trade-offs between Food-Related GHG Emissions Reduction and Other Sustainability Goals 18

Figures

Figure 1. Projected agricultural emissions are approximately 70 percent of total allowable emissions for all sectors by 2050; emissions must instead decline by at least two-thirds between... 3

Figure 2. Animal-based foods are more resource intensive than plant-based foods 4

Figure 3. The sectoral target of reducing food-related GHG emissions by 25 percent by 2030 relative to 2015 is downscaled from a longer-term 2050 target 6

Figure 4. The mandatory food types tracked by the Cool Food Pledge tend to account for more than 80 percent of food-related GHG emissions, land use, and carbon opportunity costs... 10

Figure 5. Agricultural production emissions arise from six major sources (emissions are for 2010) 12

Figure 6. Animal-based foods have higher impacts than plant-based foods across most environmental impact categories, but effects between production systems can vary 19

Boxes

Box 1. Defining and Describing Science-Based Targets 5

Box 2. The Better Buying Lab and User Testing 8

Box 3. Reporting Food Purchases by Food Type 11

Appendix Tables

Table A-1. Challenges and Guidance for Collecting Food Purchase Data from Supply Chain Partners 24