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Title page

Contents

OECD Health Working Papers 3

Acknowledgements 4

Abstract 5

Resume 6

1. Introduction 8

2. Artificial intelligence in health: profound potential but also risks 10

2.1. AI has profound potential to transform health care for the better 10

2.2. Applications of AI in health raise legitimate concerns and anxiety 17

3. Priority for policy: beware the hype and lay the foundations for AI 20

3.1. Fostering a digital ecosystem for AI, starting with health data governance 21

3.2. Operationalising the OECD AI Principles will be challenging but fundamental 22

3.3. Putting in place regulation and guidance that promote trustworthy AI 23

3.4. Building human capacity and preparing the workforce for the change 24

3.5. Investing strategically and sustainably in AI research and development 24

4. Conclusion 26

References 27

OECD Health Working Papers 33

Recent related OECD publications 34

Figures

Figure 2.1. Scientific research on AI in health is booming 10

Boxes

Box 1.1. What is artificial intelligence? 9

Box 2.1. Spotlight on AI and COVID-19: diagnosis 12

Box 2.2. Spotlight on AI and COVID-19: early warning systems 13

Box 2.3. Spotlight on AI and COVID-19: accelerated drug discovery and development 15

Box 2.4. Spotlight on AI and COVID-19: limits to what can be achieved in short-term 19