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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 2

1. Introduction 5

2. Food insecurity and food assistance programmes in OECD countries: Facts, interests and values 6

2.1. What is food insecurity? 6

2.2. Insights on food insecurity in OECD countries 7

2.3. Responses to food insecurity 11

3. Food insecurity and food assistance programmes in OECD countries: Identifying and closing evidence gaps 21

3.1. Evidence gaps on food insecurity measurements 22

3.2. Evidence gaps on food assistance programmes 25

3.3. Addressing evidence gap related to food insecurity across OECD countries: A roadmap 30

4. Main lessons 31

4.1. Developing better evidence on food insecurity allows to better target food assistance programmes 32

4.2. Developing better evidence on food insecurity requires coordinated action by countries 32

4.3. Developing better evidence can lead to improved efficiency of food assistance programmes 33

References 34

Annex A. Measuring distance to SDG targets of food insecurity 43

Annex B. Questionnaire on Food Insecurity and Food Assistance sent to OECD country experts and stakeholders 44

Annex C. Food assistance programmes covered in this report 45

Annex D. Public support to food banks in selected countries during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic (2020) 48

Tables

Table 2.1. SDG indicators related to food insecurity 7

Table 2.2. Responses to food insecurity 12

Table 3.1. Measurement of food insecurity across the OECD area 23

Table 3.2. Food assistance programmes reported in the OECD PSE database 27

Figures

Figure 2.1. Moderate food insecurity affects OECD populations 8

Figure 2.2. OECD countries are still far from achieving SDG targets on food insecurity 8

Figure 2.3. Organisation of food banks' operations 17

Figure 3.1. Evolution of moderate to severe food insecurity prevalence in Chile over the course of the COVID-19 crisis 24

Figure 3.2. Closing evidence across gaps on food insecurity OECD countries: A roadmap 31

Boxes

Box 2.1. The large scale aggression by Russia against Ukraine is a threat to food security 10

Box 2.2. Japan's experience with emergency food assistance programmes for victims of natural disasters 13

Box 2.3. School meal programmes in Chile, France and the United States 14

Box 2.4. The Food Scholarship for Higher Education Programme in Chile 16

Box 2.5. Major food banks' networks and links to food loss and waste 17

Box 2.6. Food banks and Indigenous Peoples in New Zealand 19

Box 3.1. Information on the OECD Food Chain Analysis Network Meeting (FCAN), 7-8 September 2020, New Approaches for Food Insecure Households 21

Box 3.2. Improving the redistribution of surplus food: The Irish Food Cloud Hub Initiative 28

Box 3.3. Main learnings from evaluations conducted on food vouchers programmes in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Korea 29

Annex Tables

Table A.1. Reference Standard Deviation 43

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