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Title page

Contents

Abstract 1

Executive summary 6

1. Introduction 8

1.1. Scope and key definitions 10

1.2. Structure of this paper 14

2. Background: A brief history of non-DAC cooperation 15

Phase 1: Emergence of SSC and early scale-up of non-DAC cooperation (1950s-1970s) 15

Phase 2: Decline and stagnation (1980s-1990s) 17

Phase 3: Re-emergence and rapid expansion (2000s-present) 19

3. Mapping cooperation from non-DAC cooperation providers 21

3.1. Mapping methodology 22

3.2. How much do non-DAC countries provide and through which channels? 23

Where do non-DAC providers engage and in which sectors? 25

3.3. Which co-operation modalities do non-DAC cooperation providers utilize? 30

3.4. Key take-aways from our mapping exercise 32

4. How has non-DAC cooperation evolved over time?-analysis based on five case studies 35

4.1. Indonesia 37

A brief history of Indonesia's cooperation 38

Key changes to Indonesia's cooperation programme over time 41

4.2. Mexico 42

A brief history of Mexico's cooperation 43

Key changes to Mexico's cooperation programme over time 46

4.3. South Africa 47

A brief history of South Africa's cooperation 48

Key changes to South Africa's cooperation programme over time 51

4.4. Turkiye 52

A brief history of Turkiye's cooperation 52

Key changes to Turkiye's development cooperation over time 56

4.5. United Arab Emirates 57

A brief history of the UAE's cooperation 57

Key changes to the UAEs development cooperation over time 61

4.6. Key takeaways from the case studies 61

5. Which countries are most open to multi-partner engagement for development? 68

5.1. Indicators and methodology 69

Limitations 73

5.2. Framework results 74

5.3. Main findings 76

Higher-income, higher openness (upper-right quadrant) 76

Lower-income, higher openness (lower-right quadrant) 76

Lower-income, lower openness (lower-left quadrant) 78

Higher-income, lower openness (upper-left quadrant) 79

Across the quadrants 80

6/5. Conclusions 81

References 83

Annex 1: List of non-DAC cooperation agencies 96

Annex 2: Non-DAC providers mapping sources 98

Annex 3: Volumes of cooperation from non-DAC cooperation providers in most recent year 116

Annex 4: Scores on "openness" to multi-partner engagement by country 120

Annex 5: Robustness checks 122

Tables

TABLE 1. Summary of case selection criteria by country 37

Figures

FIGURES 1a and b. Non-DAC cooperation providers by region and income 14

FIGURE 2. Bilateral ODA flows by provider type, 1970-1979 17

FIGURE 3. Number of non-DACs that established institutions to manage outward or "dual" cooperation, by year of first institutionalization 20

FIGURE 4. Net ODA disbursements from non-DAC countries reporting to the DAC, 2000-2021 20

FIGURE 5. Histogram of non-DAC provider countries by annual volume of cooperation 23

FIGURE 6. Shares of cooperation from non-DAC providers by channel 25

FIGURE 7. Count of priority regions identified by non-DAC cooperation providers 26

FIGURE 8. Share of non-DAC providers, by region, identifying each region as a priority 27

FIGURE 9. Histogram of non-DAC cooperation providers by their sectoral priority 28

FIGURE 10. Percentage of non-DAC providers prioritizing each sector, by income group of provider 29

FIGURE 11. Number of non-DAC providers using each co-operation modality 30

FIGURE 12. Percentage of non-DAC co-operation providers engaging in each modality of co-operation, by income levels 31

FIGURE 13. AMEXCID's annual expenditure by type of cooperation, 2011-2019 45

FIGURE 14. Cooperation transfers and expenditures from DIRCO and the African renaissance fund 49

FIGURE 15. Volume of Turkiye's ODA disbursements, 1990-2021, and humanitarian share of ODA 55

FIGURE 16. UAE's outward ODA, 1971-2021 59

FIGURE 17. Framework illustrating non-DAC providers' capacity for cooperation and openness to multi-partner engagements 75

FIGURE 18. Correlation of scores of each dimension in "openness" measure 122

Boxes

BOX 1. Challenges defining "emerging" cooperation providers 10

BOX 2. Approach to mapping non-DAC development agencies 12

BOX 3. Models of non-DAC "donorship" in the literature 36

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