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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 8

Foreword 9

Abbreviations 11

CHAPTER 1. Introduction: The results of comprehensive research on cultural heritage and sustainable tourism sector (CHST) and climate change 12

CHAPTER 2. Vision, Progress, and the Future: Tourism and Heritage Policy on Climate Change Responses in Korea 24

Introduction 25

International and national context 25

Detailed methods and practical achievements 32

SWOT analysis based on the policy review 39

Lessons learned and conclusions: Remaining challenges and the way forward 42

CHAPTER 3. Seoul Case Study: Utilizing Heritage Sites as Mitigation and Adaptation Instruments of Climate Change 45

Introduction 46

Case study rationale and description 46

Using Seoul's cultural heritage as a tool to counter emerging threats and challenges from climate change 50

Strategies, responses and actions: Application of cultural heritage as a tool for climate-change mitigation and adaptation in Seoul 54

Lessons learned from Seoul's climate-change mitigation and adaptation actions 73

Replicability of tested climate actions in Seoul, particularly for developing countries 74

CHAPTER 4. Suwon Case Study: Suwon's Experience in Cities, Culture and Climate Change 76

Introduction 77

Case study description and rationale 77

Major challenges and threats to climate-change action in Suwon City 80

Strategies and actions for climate-change mitigation and adaptation in Suwon 82

Lessons learned from tested climate actions in Suwon City 88

Replicability of tested climate actions in Suwon, particularly for developing countries 89

CHAPTER 5. Jeju Island Case Study: Sustainable Island and Sustainable Tourism 97

Introduction 98

Case study rationale and description 99

Current and emerging threats and impacts from climate change 101

Climate strategies and actions for mitigation and adaptation 104

Lessons learned from tested climate actions 116

Replicability of Jeju Island's climate actions, particularly for developing countries 118

Notes 120

References 124

Tables

Table 2.1. Laws, plans, policies and legal schemes for coping with climate change in the tourism and heritage sectors 26

Table 4.1. Change in number of Suwon City businesses, by district 79

Table 4.2. 2030 Suwon City Urban Development Plan, 2020, areas of focus 80

Table 4.3. Suwon Smart City Plan, 2020, areas of focus 81

Table 4.4. Suwon Climate-Change Adaptation Plan, 2014-2018, areas of focus 81

Table 4.5. Suwon City Climate Change Response Comprehensive Plan, 2020, areas of focus 82

Table 4.6. Comprehensive Environmental Conservation Plan, 2016, areas of focus 83

Table 4.7a. 2022 Suwon Theater Festival climate-change response performance, use of eco-friendly containers 89

Table 4.7b. 2022 Suwon Theater Festival climate-change response performance, waste reduction 89

Table 4.8. Proposed King Jayavarman VII Royal Parade at Cambodia's Angkor, a World Heritage site with UNESCO 5C analysis 91

Table 4.9. Selected urban tree planting projects in the United States and their carbon dioxide absorption effect 92

Table 4.10. Forestation initiatives in selected urban parks in Korea 93

Table 4.11. Laws and regulations governing World Heritage designation 93

Table 4.12. 5C analysis (at the local community and government level) of a proposal for carbon credit accreditation of World Heritage sites 96

Table 5.1. Relationship between national laws contained in the National Policy Study and Jeju Island local government ordinances 104

Table 5.2. Stakeholders involved in the promotion of Jeju tourism based on climate change mitigation 116

Figures

Figure 1.1. Share of tourism industry's carbon emissions, by domain 14

Figure 1.2. Share of travel sector's carbon emissions, by mode of transportation 14

Figure 1.3. Framework for climate-change adaptation and mitigation in CHST 16

Figure 1.4. Three key aspects of a low-carbon tourism model 17

Figure 1.5. Climate actions to support slow tourism in CHST 17

Figure 1.6. Disaster-risk management (DRM) phases and activities 18

Figure 1.7. Framework for disaster-risk calculation for cultural heritage sites 20

Figure 2.1. Hahoe Village: Development of new renewable energy-based village-unit using micro-grid technology 31

Figure 2.2. Korea Dulle-gil Trail courses 37

Figure 2.3. Technologies to support heritage management: Drone photography and 3D digital recording with LiDAR 38

Figure 3.1. Comparing the existing built environment (left) to heritage-based built environment, which encourages sharing systems between nature and human society 47

Figure 3.2. Projected average annual temperature and precipitation in Seoul, 2071~2100 48

Figure 3.3. European Green Deal targets (top) plus recommendations for climate-neutral buildings in Europe by 2050 (bottom) 50

Figure 3.4. Link between GHG mitigation and climate-change adaptation strategies 51

Figure 3.5. Rainwater storage(retention) tank and sewage box in Seongjongneung Royal Tomb, a World Heritage site, to mitigate flooding 52

Figure 3.6. Relocation works of the reservoir sewage box in the Seongjongneung Royal Tomb, a World Heritage site 53

Figure 3.7. Cultural heritage as a tool for mitigating and adapting to the climate crisis 55

Figure 3.8. Seoullo 7017 Overpass 57

Figure 3.9. Gyeongui-Gyeongchun Line Forest Park, various images 59

Figure 3.10. Siplast Green Roof System applied to the former Yongsan Railway Hospital 62

Figure 3.11. Reinforcement of the H-beam and C-beam for the structurally vulnerable building framework at Dilkusha heritage site 64

Figure 3.12. Location of Joseon Royal Tombs 65

Figure 3.13. Before (left) and after (right) restoration of forest areas around the World Heritage Sites Taeneung and Gangreung, Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 67

Figure 3.14. Topographical map depicting before (left) and after (right) restoration of Uireung Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 68

Figure 3.15. Topographical map depicting before (left) and after (right) restoration of Heonlleung and Illeung Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 69

Figure 3.16. Green energy project combining climate-change mitigation and adaptation: Namsangol Hanok Village rainwater reservoir 69

Figure 3.17. Climate-change mitigation: Restoration of abandoned streamlets, formed in premodern era, using a water reservoir system against heavy rainfall... 70

Figure 3.18. Restoring green axis between Changdeok Palace and Jongmyo Shrine with a pedestrian path, a carbon neutrality goal 71

Figure 3.19. Mandalay's schematic of a hydraulic system 74

Figure 4.1. Suwon City administrative districts 77

Figure 4.2. Suwon City's historic Haenggung-dong district: low economic activity and high elderly population 79

Figure 4.3. Effect of solar heat on roofing styles 83

Figure 4.4. Promotional vehicle of Energy Opportunity Income Village, 2023 84

Figure 4.5. Promotional vehicle for mini solar power generator installation, 2022 86

Figure 4.6. Annual carbon sequestration in green areas in Ansan City 95

Figure 5.1. 2030 CFI (Carbon Free Island): Jeju's core values 99

Figure 5.2. Four policy goals of the 2030 CFI 100

Figure 5.3. Traffic congestion costs on Jeju Island, 2011-2018 100

Figure 5.4. Tourism area life cycle theory 101

Figure 5.5. Total GHG emissions, by selected tourism industry sector 110

Figure 5.6. Estimates of life-cycle GHG emissions from electricity generation technologies 111

Figure 5.7. Cumulative climate impact over the lifetime of a commercial building, in carbon kgs 113

Figure 5.8. Pathways for sequestration of macroalgae carbon into the deep sea 114

Photos

Photo 2.1. ECO Party activities: Local product market, walking trails, local food tasting, and natural heritage tour using traditional rafts 33

Photo 2.2. Gangneung Ojuk Hanok Village 35

Photo 2.3. Traditional culture experience in Gangneung Ojuk Hanok Village 35

Photo 2.4. First national convention of Dangsan Tree Grandfathers 38

Photo 3.1. Vertical Garden at Donuimun Museum Village, an ecological network linked with neighboring green areas 57

Photo 3.2. Seoullo 7017, 1970-2020, prior to (top) and post (bottom) green remodelling, with structural reinforcement 58

Photo 3.3. Seoullo 7017 walkable path, post green remodelling 59

Photo 3.4. Gyeongui-Gyeongchun Line Forest Park 60

Photo 3.5. Rooftop gardening of the former Yongsan Railway Hospital 61

Photo 3.6. Application of original bricks and structures to represent the original state at the Yongsan Railway Hospital 62

Photo 3.7. Post-repair of Dilkusha heritage site 63

Photo 3.8. Conservation works of Rat Trap bond to maintain insulation function and structural stability 64

Photo 3.9. Before (left) and after (right) restoration of forest areas around the World Heritage Sites Taeneung and Gangreung, Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 66

Photo 3.10. Before (left) and after (right) restoration of Uireung Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty (see A, C, and E areas for details of new forested areas) 67

Photo 3.11. Before (left) and after (right) restoration of the Heonlleung and Illeung Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty 68

Photo 3.12. Adaptation approach: Changdeok Palace walls, reconstructed using more than 20% of the stones excavated during the restoration, and six-lane... 71

Photo 3.13. Six of Seoul's eco-friendly travel destination spots 72

Photo 4.1. Bike-sharing system 85

Photo 5.1. Whitening event on rocks in the sea off the coast of Jeju Island 102

Photo 5.2. Tourists trekking along the Olle hiking trail 106

Photo 5.3. Jeju Haenyeo cooking freshly-caught seafood and selling it to tourists 107

Photo 5.4. Diving Experience Tour program, where visitors gather marine trash 108

Photo 5.5. Art exhibition using collected marine debris 109

Photo 5.6. Wind power plant off the coast of Jeju Island 112

Photo 5.7. Energy-saving insulation glass and natural light employed for inside lighting 114

Photo 5.8. Process of forming a marine forest under the sea 116

Maps

Map 2.1. Gyeongpoho Lake travel route after lagoon wetlands restoration projects 34

Map 5.1. Distribution of general disaster vulnerability ratings 103

Map 5.2. Distribution of wind power generation on Jeju Island 112

Map 5.3. Distribution of marine forest formation along Jeju Island's coast, 2009-2022 115

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