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Title page
Contents
Highlights 2
Letter 8
Background 12
AI Definitions Vary 12
Characteristics and Types of AI 13
Federal Law and Executive Actions Guide AI Implementation and Responsibilities 16
AI Oversight Bodies in the Federal Government 21
GAO Has Reported on AI and Opportunities to Improve Its Governance and Use 22
Agency AI Inventories Reported About 1,200 Uses for AI 24
Most Agencies' AI Inventories Were Not Fully Comprehensive and Accurate 28
Federal Agencies Have Taken Steps to Comply with AI Requirements, but Further Actions Remain 31
OMB Partially Issued AI Guidance for Federal Agencies 31
OSTP Did Not Inform Agencies Responsible for AI Actions 33
OPM Identified Key AI Skills and Competencies, but Needs to Complete Other Requirements 34
GSA Established the AI Center of Excellence and an AI Track through the Presidential Innovation Fellows Program 37
Commerce Issued a Plan to Develop AI Technical Standards with Relevant Stakeholders 38
Federal Agencies Partially Implemented AI Requirements 39
Conclusions 48
Recommendations for Executive Action 48
Agency Comments and Our Evaluation 53
Appendix I: Objectives, Scope, and Methodology 64
Appendix II: Comments from the Department of Commerce 71
Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Energy 72
Appendix IV: Comments from the Department of Health and Human Services 74
Appendix V: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security 76
Appendix VI: Comments from the Department of the Interior 79
Appendix VII: Comments from the Department of Veterans Affairs 81
Appendix VIII: Comments from the Environmental Protection Agency 84
Appendix IX: Comments from the General Services Administration 87
Appendix X: Comments from the Office of Personnel Management 88
Appendix XI: Comments from the Department of Education 90
Appendix XII: Comments from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration 92
Appendix XIII: Comments from the Department of State 94
Appendix XIV: Comments from the Department of the Treasury 96
Appendix XV: Comments from the U.S. Agency for International Development 97
Appendix XVI: Comments from the Office of Management and Budget 99
Appendix XVII: Comments from the Social Security Administration 101
Appendix XVIII: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments 102
Table 1. Various Artificial Intelligence (AI) Definitions within the Federal Government 13
Table 2. Key Artificial Intelligence (AI) Requirements from Federal Law and Guidance, as of April 2022 18
Table 3. Summary of Limitations Identified in Agency Artificial Intelligence (AI) Inventories 29
Table 4. Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Implementation of Selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) Federal Policy and Legal Requirements, as of November 2023 32
Table 5. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) Implementation of Selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) Federal Policy and Legal Requirements, as of September 2023 35
Table 6. General Services Administration (GSA) Implementation of Selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) Federal Policy and Legal Requirements, as of September 2023 37
Table 7. Commerce Implementation of Selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) Federal Policy, as of September 2023 38
Table 8. Federal Agencies' Implementation of Selected Artificial Intelligence (AI) Requirements, as of September 2023 42
Table 9. Positions of Agency Officials Serving as Responsible Artificial Intelligence Officials (RAIO), as of September 2023 46
Table 10. Required Fields of the 2021 Guidance for Creating Agency Inventories of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use Cases Inventory Format 65
Table 11. Key Artificial Intelligence (AI) Requirements from Federal Law and Guidance 67
Figure 1. Waves of AI 15
Figure 2. Timeline of Federal Efforts to Advance Artificial Intelligence 17
Figure 3. Agency Reported AI Use Cases during Fiscal Year 2022 25
Figure 4. Agency Reported Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use Case Life Cycle Stage, as of Fiscal Year 2022 26
Figure 5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) Use Case Application Areas 28
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