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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 4

Executive summary 6

1. Setting the scene 9

2. Ageing population and decreasing household size in cities 14

3. City population growth or decline 30

4. Spatial segregation within cities 41

5. Conclusion 53

References 55

Tables

Table 1. Enabling factors of remote and hybrid work, work choice and re-settlement choice 38

Figures

Figure 1. Life expectancy at birth in OECD countries (2000-2019) 15

Figure 2. Share of older adults over total population, 2022 and projections to 2050, G7 countries and OECD average 16

Figure 3. Share of population aged 65 years or more in metropolitan areas, G7 countries (2018) 17

Figure 4. Annual growth of population aged 65 years or older, within and outside of metropolitan areas, G7 countries (2006-2018) 17

Figure 5. Change of population in G7 metropolitan areas (2006-2018), % growth rate by age group 18

Figure 6. Change in the share of older adults in metropolitan areas, G7 countries (2008-2018), by population size 19

Figure 7. Average household size, 2015 20

Figure 8. Share of children living with a single parent in G7 countries (2004-2018) 21

Figure 9. Disparities in average download speeds across G7 metropolitan areas (2022) 22

Figure 10. Share of working-age population in OECD countries 23

Figure 11. Dependency ratio in OECD metropolitan areas 24

Figure 12. Share of older adults in the workforce in metropolitan areas (2004-2019) 24

Figure 13. Changes in employment rate by age groups (2019-2022) 25

Figure 14. Poverty rates by household type in G7 countries (2019) 26

Figure 15. Distribution of population in and outside metropolitan areas, 2021 30

Figure 16. Population growth in G7 countries (2001-2021) 31

Figure 17. Growth of population in G7 metropolitan areas (2006-2018) 31

Figure 18. Share of depopulating metropolitan areas across G7 countries (2009-2020) 32

Figure 19. Population growth rate and growth rate in the share of older adults in OECD metropolitan areas (2008-2018) 33

Figure 20. Evolution of population and house prices in cities (2012-2022) 36

Figure 21. Share of population by age in cities and commuting zones, metropolitan areas of G7 countries and OECD average 42

Figure 22. Growth in the share of older adults in cities and commuting zones (2008-2018) 43

Figure 23. Income segregation in selected metropolitan areas 44

Figure 24. Degree of income segregation in neighbourhoods in Paris, France 44

Figure 25. Personal income levels in neighbourhoods in Rome, Italy 45

Figure 26. Trajectories of segregation in US cities, 1980-2020 and projections through 2050 46

Boxes

Box 1. Recent examples of demographic changes driven by specific shocks 9

Box 2. The G7 Ministerial Meeting on Sustainable Urban Development (2023) 12

Box 3. Spotlight on demographic change in the OECD Recommendation on Regional Development Policy and the OECD Principles on Urban Policy 13

Box 4. Inequalities in accessibility by public transport in Seoul Metropolitan Area (Korea) 48

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