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Title page

Contents

Abstract 3

1. Introduction 4

2. Design and Testing of AI Questions 7

a. Sample and Methodology 8

b. Core Content 9

c. Supplement Content 10

3. AI Use Rates 11

a. AI Use Rates in the BTOS 12

b. Firm-level Current versus Expected Future Use 15

c. Comparison with AI Use Rates in Other Surveys 17

4. Findings from the AI Supplement 20

a. Use Rates by AI Technology and Application 20

b. AI-Worker Task Substitution 22

c. Substitution of AI for Equipment/Software Operations 23

d. Employment Effects of AI 23

e. Organizational Changes Associated with AI Use 24

f. Why Will Some Firms Not Use AI? 26

5. AI Use and Firm Performance 27

6. Conclusion and Future Research 29

References 32

Appendix A. BTOS Core Content, Survey Year 2 54

Appendix B. BTOS AI Supplement 58

Appendix C. Additional Figures 62

Tables

Table 1. Contingency Tables for Current vs. Expected AI Use (Firm-weighted) 34

Table 2. Contingency Tables for Current vs. Expected AI Use (Emp.-weighted) 35

Table 3. Contingency Table for Average Number of Employees by Current vs. Expected AI Use (Firm-weighted) 36

Table 4a. AI Technologies or Applications Used by Businesses (Firm-weighted) 37

Table 4b. AI Technologies or Applications Used by Businesses (Emp.-weighted) 38

Table 5. Number of Tasks Replaced by AI 39

Table 6. Effects of AI on Firm Employment 39

Table 7. Reasons for Not Planning to Use AI 40

Figures

Figure 1. Trends in Current and Expected AI Use 41

Figure 2a. Current and Expected AI Use by Sector (Firm-weighted) 42

Figure 2b. Current and Expected AI Use by Sector (Employment-weighted) 43

Figure 3a. Current and Expected AI Use by State (Firm-weighted) 44

Figure 3b. Current and Expected AI Use by State (Employment-weighted) 45

Figure 3c. Current AI Use by State (Firm-weighted) 46

Figure 4a. Current and Expected AI Use by Firm Size (Firm-weighted) 47

Figure 4b. Current and Expected AI Use by Firm Size (Employment-weighted) 47

Figure 5a. Current and Expected AI Use by Firm Age (Firm-weighted) 48

Figure 5b. Current and Expected AI Use by Firm Age (Employment-weighted) 48

Figure 6a. AI Replacing Worker Tasks and Equipment Operations (Firm-weighted) 49

Figure 6b. AI Replacing Worker Tasks and Equipment Operations (Emp.-weighted) 49

Figure 7a. Changes Made by Firms to Use AI (Firm-weighted) 50

Figure 7b. Changes Made by Firms to Use AI (Emp.-weighted) 51

Figure 8a. AI Use and Business Performance (Firm-weighted) 52

Figure 8b. AI Use and Business Performance (Emp.-weighted) 53

Appendix Figures

Figure A1. Employment Changes and AI Use (Firm-weighted) 62

Figure A2. Employment Changes and AI Use (Emp.-weighted) 63

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