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Title page

Contents

Acknowledgements 2

Executive Summary 4

I. Scope and Objectives of the Study 7

II. The One Health Approach 8

III. Sudan: A Snapshot 11

IV. One Health in Sudan 14

ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING A ONE HEALTH APPROACH 14

EXISTING EFFORTS 14

V. Identifying Vulnerabilities and Main Drivers of Zoonotic Diseases 17

A. TWO CORE VULNERABILITIES 18

1. Climate change 18

2. Institutional Fragility 22

B. HOTSPOTS OF ZOONOTIC RISK 23

C. MAIN DRIVERS OF ZOONOTIC RISK 25

Drivers that Increase Interaction between Livestock and Wildlife 26

Drivers that Increase Interaction between Humans and Wildlife 26

Drivers that Increase Interaction Between Humans and Livestock 27

Factors that Exacerbate Outbreaks 31

VI. One Health Actions: Conclusions and Recommendations 34

HUMANS 36

ANIMALS 38

ECOSYSTEMS 40

Appendix A: Methodology and Limitations of the Study 44

Appendix B: Areas for Further Research 46

Appendix C: One-on-One Interviews in Depth 47

References 63

Figures

Figure 1. One Health Concept 8

Figure 2. EIDs impact snapshot 10

Figure 3. Situational Snapshot of Sudan 13

Figure 4. Core Vulnerabilities 17

Figure 5. Average Annual Natural Hazard Occurrence in Sudan for 1980-2020 19

Figure 6. Climate Shocks Directly Impacted Household Consumption and Socioeconomic Status 21

Figure 7. Functional Allocation of Sudan 2022 Budget 22

Figure 8. Hotspots of Risk of Zoonotic Emerging Infectious Diseases 23

Figure 9. The Location and Agricultural Irrigation System of the Gezira Scheme 23

Figure 10. Main Drivers of Zoonotic Diseases 25

Figure 11. Summary of Key Recommendations 35

Boxes

Box 1. Other Existing One Health Practices in Sudan 16

Box 2. The Rift Valley fever (RVF) Outbreak of 2006-07 24

Box 3. Outbreak of Dengue Fever, April-November 2023 32