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Title page

Contents

ABSTRACT 3

I. INTRODUCTION 4

II. BACKGROUND, INSTITUTIONAL DETAILS and DATA 7

III. EMPIRICAL STRATEGY 11

IV. RESULTS 12

V. CONCLUSION 20

REFERENCE 22

TABLE 1. The Effect of English Speaking Background (ESB) Peers on English Test Score Performance at Year 8 24

TABLE 2. The Effect of English Speaking Background (ESB) Peers on Mathematics and Norwegian Test Score Performance at Year 8 25

TABLE 3. Heterogeneous Effects of English Speaking Background (ESB) Peers on English Test Score Performance at Year 8 26

TABLE 4. The Effect of ESB Peers on (I) English Test Score Performance Controlling for Year 5 English Test Scores and (II) School Mobility 27

TABLE 5. The Effect of English Speaking Background (ESB) Peers and English Test Score Performance at Year 8, Excluding Countries of Origin 28

TABLE 6. Alternative Measures of ESB peers and English Performance at Grade 8 29

TABLE 7. The Effect of English Speaking Background (ESB) Peers on Year 10 English Test Score Performance 30

TABLE 8. Same Gender Peers and English Performance at Grade 8 31

TABLE 9. Effects of ESB Peers on Year 8 English Performance, by year 5 English Performance 32

Figure 1. Kernel Density Plots of 8th Grade Test Scores 39

Table A1 Country of Origin and English Speaking Background 33

Table A2. Selected Descriptive statistics 34

Table A3. Exposure to ESB Peers and English Performance in 8th Grade Excluding schools with high numbers of ESB students 35

Table A4. Exposure to ESB Peers and English Performance in 8th Grade Excluding Specific Cities in Norway 36

Table A5. Exposure to Romance Language Peers and English Performance in 8th Grade 37

Table A6. Exposure to ESB Peers and English Performance - Sensitivity to Alternative Definitions of ESB 38